Editing History of Switzerland (section)

=== Sonderbund War of 1847 ===
{{main|Sonderbund War|Switzerland as a federal state}}
[[File:Religion map of Switzerland in 1800 - en.jpg|thumb|350px|Religious geography in 1800 (orange: Protestant, green: Catholic)]]
The Radical–liberal–Protestant element charged that the ''Sonderbund'' violated the [[Federal Treaty]] of 1814, §&nbsp;6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances. Forming a majority in the Tagsatzung they decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on October 21, 1847.<ref>W. B. Duffield, "The War of the Sonderbund" ''English Historical Review'' 10#40 (1895), pp. 675-698 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/548178 in JSTOR] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183447/https://www.jstor.org/stable/548178 |date=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>Joachim Remak, ''A Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847'' (Westview, 1993) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97651664 online edition] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626012243/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97651664 |date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> The odds were against the Catholics, who were heavily outnumbered in population; they were outnumbered in soldiers by 79,000 to 99,000 and lacked enough well-trained soldiers, officers, and generals. When the Sonderbund refused to disband, the national army attacked in a brief civil war between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons, known as the ''Sonderbundskrieg'' ("Sonderbund War".) The national army was composed of soldiers from all the other cantons except [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]] and [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]] (which remained neutral).  The Sonderbund was easily defeated in less than a month; there were about 130 killed.  Apart from small riots, this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.<ref>Ralph Weaver, ''Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847'' (2012) [https://www.amazon.com/Three-Weeks-November-Military-History/dp/1908916575 excerpt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134947/https://www.amazon.com/Three-Weeks-November-Military-History/dp/1908916575 |date=December 20, 2016}}</ref>  Many Sonderbund leaders fled to Italy, but the victors were generous. They invited the defeated cantons to join them in a program of federal reform, and a new constitution was drafted along American lines. National issues were to be under the control of the national parliament, and the Jesuits were expelled. The Swiss voted heavily in favor of the new constitution by 2 million against 300,000. Switzerland became calm. However, conservatives around Europe became frightened and prepared their forces to meet possible challenges, which indeed soon exploded the [[Revolutions of 1848]]. In those violent revolutions, outside Switzerland, the conservatives were always successful.<ref>Langer, ''Political and Social upheaval'', pp. 135–137</ref>