Editing History of Scotland (section)

====Cromwellian occupation and Restoration====
{{Main|Scotland under the Commonwealth|Restoration (Scotland)}}
<!-- This section is linked from [[William M'Culloch]]. See [[WP:MOS#Section management]] -->
[[File:Cromwell at Dunbar Andrew Carrick Gow.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cromwell at Dunbar]]'' by [[Andrew Carrick Gow]]. The battle of Dunbar was a crushing defeat for the Scottish Covenanters]]
The [[execution of Charles I]] in 1649 was carried out in the face of objections by the Covenanter government and his son was immediately proclaimed as King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in Edinburgh. Oliver Cromwell [[Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)|led an invasion of Scotland in 1650]], and defeated the Scottish army at [[battle of Dunbar (1650)|Dunbar]]. One year later, a Scottish invasion of England was again defeated by Cromwell at [[battle of Worcester|Worcester]]. Cromwell emerged as the leading figure in the English government and Scotland was occupied by an English force under [[George Monck]]. The country was incorporated into the Puritan-governed [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] and lost its independent church government, parliament and legal system, but gained access to English markets.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=221–224}}.</ref> Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657 (see [[Tender of Union]]).<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=225–226}}.</ref>

Following the death of Cromwell and the regime's collapse, Charles II was restored in 1660 and Scotland again became an independent kingdom.<ref name="Mackieetal1991pp241-5">{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=241–245}}.</ref> Scotland regained its system of law, parliament and kirk, but also the [[Lords of the Articles]] (by which the crown managed parliament), bishops and a king who did not visit the country. He ruled largely without reference to Parliament, through a series of commissioners. These began with [[John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton|John, Earl of Middleton]] and ended with the king's brother and heir, [[James, Duke of York]] (known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany).<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=239}}.</ref> The [[English Navigation Acts]] prevented the Scots engaging in what would have been lucrative trading with England's colonies.<ref>{{Harvp|Ferguson|1977|page=153}}.</ref> The restoration of episcopacy was a source of trouble, particularly in the south-west of the country, an area with strong Presbyterian sympathies. Abandoning the official church, many of the inhabitants began to attend illegal field assemblies, known as [[conventicle]]s.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=253}}.</ref> Official attempts to suppress these led to a rising in 1679, defeated by [[James, Duke of Monmouth]], the King's illegitimate son, at the [[Battle of Bothwell Bridge]].<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=238}}.</ref> In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began, later to be called "[[the Killing Time]]". When Charles died in 1685 and his brother, a Roman Catholic, succeeded him as [[James II of England|James VII of Scotland (and II of England)]], matters came to a head.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|p=241}}.</ref>