Editing History of Rwanda (section)

==Civil war and genocide==
{{Main|Rwandan Civil War}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Rwandese Republic
| common_name            = Rwanda
| native_name            = République Rwandaise ([[French language|French]])
| image_flag             = Flag of Rwanda (1962–2001).svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| national_motto         = Liberté, Coopération, Progrès<br />(Liberty, Cooperation, Progress)
| national_anthem        = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Rwacu]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{Langx|en|"Our Rwanda"}})<br />{{lower|0.2em|[[File:Rwandarwacu.ogg|center]]}}
| image_map              = File:Rwandan Civil War (April 6, 1994).svg
| map_caption            = Areas under the control of the Hutu regime, in green on April 6, 1994
| capital                = [[Kigali]]
| demonym                = Rwandan
| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[presidential republic]] under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[Hutu power|Hutu-nationalist]] [[military junta]]
| leader1                = [[Théodore Sindikubwabo]]
| year_leader1           = 1994
| title_leader           = [[List of presidents of Rwanda|''Interim'' President]]
| title_representative   = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]]
| year_representative1   = 1994
| representative1        = [[Jean Kambanda]]
| title_deputy           = ''De facto'' leader of Rwanda
| year_deputy1           = 1994
| deputy1                = [[Théoneste Bagosora]]
| legislature            = None
| area_km2               = 26,338
| event_start            = [[Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira]]
| date_start             = 
| year_start             = 6 April 1994
| event1                 = [[Rwandan genocide]]
| date_event1            = 7 April 1994
| event_end              = [[Rwandan genocide#Rwandan Patriotic Front's military campaign and victory|Fall of Kigali]]
| date_end               = 
| year_end               = 19 July 1994
| HDI                    = 0.192
| HDI_year               = 1994
| currency               = [[Rwandan franc]]
| p1                     = History of Rwanda#Military rule{{!}}Habyarimana regime
| flag_p1                = Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg
| p2                     = 
| flag_p2                = 
| s1                     = Rwanda{{!}}Republic of Rwanda
| flag_s1                = Flag of Rwanda.svg
| today                  = [[Rwanda]]
}}

Many exiled refugee Rwandan Tutsis in Uganda had joined the rebel forces of [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] in the [[Ugandan Bush War]] and had then become part of the Ugandan military upon the rebel victory in 1986. Among these were [[Fred Rwigyema]] and [[Paul Kagame]], who rose to prominence in the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF), a Rwandan rebel group largely consisting of Tutsi veterans of the Ugandan war. On October 1, 1990, the RPF invaded Rwanda from their base in neighboring [[Uganda]]. The rebel force, composed primarily of ethnic Tutsis, blamed the government for failing to democratize and resolve the problems of some 500,000 Tutsi refugees living in diaspora around the world.

The Tutsi diaspora miscalculated the reaction of its invasion of Rwanda. Though the Tutsi objective seemed to be to pressure the Rwandan government into making concessions, the invasion was seen as an attempt to bring the Tutsi ethnic group back into power. The effect was to increase ethnic tensions to a level higher than they had ever been. Nevertheless, after 3 years of fighting and multiple prior "cease-fires," the government and the RPF signed a "final" cease-fire agreement in August 1993, known as the [[Arusha Accords (Rwanda)|Arusha Accords]], in order to form a power sharing government, a plan which immediately ran into problems.

The situation worsened when the first elected Burundian president, [[Melchior Ndadaye]], a Hutu, was assassinated by the Burundian Tutsi-dominated army in October 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline: Burundi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=October 30, 2008 |access-date=April 30, 2009 |quote=1993 October - Tutsi soldiers assassinate Ndadaye |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1068991.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906105843/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1068991.stm |archive-date=2007-09-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Burundi, a fierce civil war then erupted between Tutsi and Hutu following the army's massacre. This conflict spilled over the border into Rwanda and destabilized the fragile Rwandan accords. Tutsi-Hutu tensions rapidly intensified. Although the UN sent a peacekeeping force named the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda]] (UNAMIR), it was underfunded, under-staffed, and largely ineffective in the face of a two country civil-war. The UN denied Lieutenant-General [[Roméo Dallaire]]'s request for additional troops and changes to the rules of engagement to prevent the coming genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As genocide raged, general's pleas for help ignored |first=Ken |last=Shiffman |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/13/sbm.dallaire.profile/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 10, 2008 |access-date=10 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225141740/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/13/sbm.dallaire.profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=live }}[]</ref>

=== 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda ===
{{Main|Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira|Rwandan genocide}}
{{Rwandan genocide}}
On April 6, 1994, the airplane carrying [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], the President of Rwanda, and [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]], the Hutu [[President of Burundi]], [[Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira|was shot down]] as it prepared to land at Kigali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rwanda.htm|title=Rwanda Civil War|date=2005-04-27|access-date=2006-12-04|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org, Alexandria, US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201061235/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rwanda.htm|archive-date=2006-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref> Both presidents were killed when the plane crashed.

Military and militia groups began rounding up and killing Tutsis ''en masse'', as well as political moderates irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. The killing swiftly spread from [[Kigali]] to all corners of the country; between April 6 and the beginning of July, a genocide of unprecedented swiftness left between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Tutsis (800,000 is a commonly noted number) and moderate Hutus dead at the hands of organized bands of militia ([[Interahamwe]]). Even ordinary citizens were called on by local officials to kill their neighboring Tutsis who were called ''Inyenzi'' (cockroaches) by the local radio stations inciting fear and hatred. The president's MRND Party was implicated in organizing many aspects of the genocide. The Hutu genocidaires were abetted by the [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] broadcasting hate speech advocating violence against Tutsis. It broadcast at the same time as [[Radio Muhabura]] broadcast from Uganda, sponsored by the RPF and their Ugandan allies.

The RPF renewed its civil war against the Rwanda Hutu government when it received word that the [[genocidal massacre]]s had begun. Its leader [[Paul Kagame]] directed RPF forces in neighboring countries such as Uganda and Tanzania to invade the country, but here, Paul Kagame did not direct RPF Forces from neighboring countries because RPF was already in Rwanda for three years and half battling the Hutu forces and Interahamwe militias who were committing the massacres. The resulting civil war raged concurrently with the genocide for two months. The Tutsi-led RPF continued to advance on the capital, and soon occupied the northern, eastern, and southern parts of the country by June. Thousands of additional civilians were killed in the conflict. UN member states refused to answer UNAMIR's requests for increased troops and money. The remaining part of the country not under RPF control was occupied by France in Operation Turquoise. While the French operation did prevent mass killings it has been alleged that the deployment of French troops was intended to allow the Hutu militias to escape, and that the slaughter of Tutsis continued in the French controlled area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8b58e_rwanda-un-genocide-made-in-france_news |title=Rwanda, Un génocide made in France - Vidéo Dailymotion |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=2011-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314175226/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8b58e_rwanda-un-genocide-made-in-france_news |archive-date=2014-03-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>