Editing History of Qatar (section)

==Post-Islamic Golden Age==

===Usfurids and Ormus control (1253–1515)===
{{Main|Usfurids|Ormus}}
Much of Eastern Arabia was controlled by the [[Usfurids]] in 1253, but control of the region was later seized by the prince of [[Ormus]] in 1320.<ref>{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=Curtis|title=Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society (Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0226469065|page=54}}</ref> Qatar's pearls provided the kingdom with one of its main sources of income.<ref name="mohamed"/> The Portuguese defeated the Ormus by 1507 following the destruction of their fleet by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s forces. However, Albuquerque's captains grew rebellious, and he was compelled to abandon the Ormus island. Ultimately, in 1515, [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] killed Sultan Saifuddin's [[vizier]] Reis Hamed, pressuring the Sultan to become a vassal of King Manuel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James S.|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC|publisher=Greenwood|page=289|year=1991|isbn=978-0313262579}}</ref>

===Portuguese and Ottoman control (1521–1670)===
{{See also|European exploration of Arabia}}
[[File:Atlas-de-lazaro-luis Cidade de Qatar.jpg|thumb|''Sidade de Catar'' in Lázaro Luís' 1563 map of Arabia.]]
Bahrain and mainland Qatar had been seized by the Portuguese in 1521.<ref name="mohamed"/><ref name="gillespie">{{cite book|last=Gillespie|first=Carol Ann|title=Bahrain (Modern World Nations)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoR1e79B3mAC|publisher=Chelsea House Publications|year=2002|page=31|isbn=978-0791067796}}</ref> After the Portuguese claimed control, they constructed a series of fortresses along the Arabian Coast.<ref name="gillespie"/> However, there have been limited findings of Portuguese ruins in Qatar.<ref name="mccoy"/> One possible contender for a Portuguese presence is the 16th-century fort built in Portuguese architectural style in the ruined town of [[Ruwayda]]. A map dating to 1563 created by Portuguese cartographer Lázaro Luís depicts ''Sidade de Catar'', making it the earliest depiction of any specific settlement in Qatar. Some historians believe that it refers to Ruwayda, though there remains much ambiguity as to the location's true identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.psa.gov.qa/QatarAtlas/History|title=Qatar Timeline|publisher=Planning and Statistics Authority (Qatar)|accessdate=26 June 2024}}</ref>

[[Gasparo Balbi]], a Venetian merchant and traveler, made the first mention of Qatar in a print book in the West. The book, titled ''Viaggio dell’Indie Orientali Balbi'', detailed Balbi's travels to the Far East from 1579 to 1588. In it, he mentions a place called 'Barechator', thought to be a corruption of ''Bar Qatar'', or mainland Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/180700/NATION/First-printed-record-of-Qatar-highlight-of-book-fair|title=First printed record of Qatar highlight of book fair|publisher=Qatar Tribune|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref>

The Portuguese focused on creating a commercial empire in Eastern Arabia, and exported gold, silver, silks, cloves, amber, horses and pearls.<ref>{{cite book|last=Orr|first=Tamra|title=Qatar (Cultures of the World)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7fa0Mn3RkC|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0761425663|page=18}}</ref> The population of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]] submitted voluntarily to the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1550, preferring them to the Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anscombe|first=Frederick|title=The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=og5vjx2V_xoC|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1997|page=12|isbn=978-0231108393}}</ref> After the Portuguese were [[Dutch–Portuguese War|expelled from the area]] in 1602<ref>{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC|publisher=Routledge|page=133|year=2005|isbn=978-1579583880}}</ref> by the Dutch and British,<ref name="potter">{{cite book|last=Potter|first=Lawrence|title=The Persian Gulf in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|page=262|isbn=978-0230612822}}</ref> the Ottomans saw little need to maintain a military presence in the Al-Hasa region. As a result, the Ottomans were expelled by the [[Bani Khalid]] in 1670.<ref name="potter"/>

===Rule of Bani Khalid (1670–1783)===
{{Main|Bani Khalid}}
Having expelled the Ottomans, the Bani Khalid held jurisdiction over Qatar from 1670 onward.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alghanim|first=Salwa|title=The Reign of Mubarak-Al-Sabah: Shaikh of Kuwait 1896-1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icj1SiWf6YUC|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=1998|page=6|isbn=978-1860643507}}</ref> In 1766,<ref name="frauke">{{cite book|last=Heard-Bey|first=Frauke|title=From Tribe to State. The Transformation of Political Structure in Five States of the GCC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIqNAwAAQBAJ|page=39|isbn=978-88-8311-602-5|year=2008}}</ref> the [[Utub]] clans of [[Al Jalahma]] and [[House of Khalifa|Al Khalifa]] migrated from [[Kuwait]] to [[Zubarah]] in Qatar.<ref>'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782), p. 1001</ref> By the time of their arrival in Zubarah, the Bani Khalid exercised weak power over Qatar, though the largest village was ruled by a distant relative of the Bani Khalid.<ref name="crystal">{{cite book|last=Crystal|first=Jill|title=Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8di8GN_hKsC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|page=27|isbn=978-0521466356}}</ref> After the Persian occupation of [[Basra]] in 1777 many merchants and families moved from [[Basra]] and Kuwait to Zubarah. The town became a thriving center of trade and pearling in the Persian Gulf region after this movement.<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/qa.htm|title=Qatar|publisher=worldatlas.com|access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref>

The Al Khalifa claimed Qatar and Bahrain by 1783, whereas Bani Khalid control of neighboring Al-Hasa officially came to an end in 1795.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Waqai-I Manazil-I Rum; Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ|publisher=AAKAR BOOKS|year=2005|page=17|isbn=978-8187879565}}</ref>