Editing History of Norway (section)

==Union with Sweden==
{{See also|Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Sweden-Norway}}
[[File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg|thumb|The Constituent Assembly which approved the [[Constitution of Norway]]]]
Denmark–Norway entered the [[Napoleonic Wars]] on France's side in 1807. This had a devastating effect on the Norwegian economy as the [[Royal Navy]] hindered export by ship and import of food. [[Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809|Sweden invaded Norway]] the following year, but after several Norwegian victories a cease-fire was signed in 1809.<ref>Stenersen: 68</ref> After pressure from Norwegian merchants license trade was permitted with corn from Denmark to Eastern Norway in exchange for Norwegian timber export to Great Britain.<ref>Stenersen: 69</ref> Following the [[Battle of Leipzig]] in 1813, the [[Treaty of Kiel]] signed on 14 January 1814 ceded Norway to the king of Sweden.<ref name="s71">Stenersen: 71</ref>
[[File:Norway-Sweden 1905.svg|thumb|left|Map of Sweden–Norway]]
[[Christian Frederik]], heir to the Danish and Norwegian crowns, had since 1813 been viceroy of Norway.<ref name="s71" /> He spearheaded the Norwegian resistance against the Kiel Treaty and planned to claim the throne as the legitimate heir. He traveled to [[Trondheim (city)|Trondheim]] to gain support for his person, and then assembled twenty-one prominent citizens at [[Eidsvoll Manor]] on 16 February 1814 to discuss his plans. They rejected a new absolute monarchy and advised him instead to convoke a constituent assembly to draw up a liberal constitution and decide the form of government. Representatives from the entire country were elected to meet at Eidsvoll Manor.<ref>Stenersen: 72</ref> The 112 members of the [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] gathered and, after six weeks of discussion, concluded the work on the [[Constitution of Norway]] on 17 May 1814. Power would be split between the king – a position to which Christian Frederik was appointed – and the [[Parliament of Norway]].<ref>Stenersen: 74</ref> The Swedish army under Crown prince [[Carl Johan]] of Sweden [[Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)|invaded Norway]] in late July; at the armistice [[Convention of Moss]] on 14 August Norway accepted to enter a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union]] with Sweden on equal terms, while Sweden accepted the Norwegian Constitution and separate institutions in both states. King Christian Frederik agreed to convoke an extraordinary parliament to revise the Constitution accordingly, and then abdicate. The parliament was convened in [[Oslo|Christiania]] on 7 October, and the necessary amendments were resolved on 4 November 1814. On the same day, king [[Charles XIII]] of Sweden was elected king of Norway, thereby establishing the Union.<ref>Stenersen: 75</ref>

=== The State of the Officials (''embedsmannsstaten'') ===
[[File:Havreskjering Fossheim Lindahl.jpeg|thumb|left|Harvesting [[oat]]s at Fossum in [[Jølster]] during the 1880s]]
The Napoleonic Wars sent Norway into an economic crisis, as nearly all the merchants had gone bankrupt during the blockade. Recovery was difficult because of export tariffs and the country experienced high inflation. The [[Norwegian speciedaler]] was established as a currency by the [[Norges Bank|Bank of Norway]] when it was established in 1816, financed through a silver tax which lasted until 1842.<ref>Stenersen: 77</ref> Under threat of a coup d'état by Carl Johan, Norway reluctantly paid the debt stated in the Treaty of Kiel, despite never having [[ratified]] it. [[Norwegian Constitution Day|Constitution Day]] on 17 May became an important political rally every year;<ref>Stenersen: 78</ref> in 1829 the Swedish governor-general [[Baltzar von Platen (1766–1829)|Baltzar von Platen]] resigned after he used force against demonstrators in the [[Battle of the Square]].<ref>Stenersen: 79</ref> The first half of the century was dominated by the ca. 2,000 officials,<ref>Stenersen: 80</ref> as there were few bourgeois and no aristocracy following an 1821 decision to abolish nobility. From the [[1832 Norwegian parliamentary election|1832 election]], farmers became more conscious of electing themselves, resulting in a majority of farmers in Parliament. This resulted in rural tax cuts and higher import tariffs, shifting the tax burden to the cities.<ref>Stenersen: 81</ref> They also passed the [[Formannskapsdistrikt|Local Committees Act]], which established elected [[Municipal council (Norway)|municipal councils]] from 1838.<ref name="s82">Stenersen: 82</ref> Cultural expression from the 1840s to the 1870s was dominated by the [[Norwegian romantic nationalism|romantic nationalism]], which emphasized the uniqueness of Norway.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

[[File:Kjerkgata sett nedenfra 1869 Foto Elen Schomragh.jpg|thumb|[[Røros (town)|Røros]], a major copper mining town, in 1869]]
The textile industry started in the 1840s, which was followed up with mechanical workshops to build new machinery as the British [[embargo]] hindered import of textile machinery.<ref>Stenersen: 84</ref> An economic crisis hit the country from 1848, resulting in [[Marcus Thrane]] establishing the first trade unions and demanding that equality before the law be independent of social class. Parliament passed a series of laws abandoning economic privileges and easing domestic trade during the 1840s and 1850s.<ref>Stenersen: 85</ref> Population increase forced the clearing of new land, although some of the growth came in the cities. The population of Christiania reached 40,000 in 1855.<ref name="s83">Stenersen: 83</ref> By 1865 the population reached 1.7&nbsp;million; the large increase was largely caused by better nutrition from herring and potatoes, a sharp decrease of infant mortality and increased hygiene.<ref name="s82" /> Emigration to North America started in 1825, with the first mass emigration commencing in the 1860s. By 1930, 800,000 people had emigrated, the majority settling in the [[Midwestern United States]].<ref name="s83" />

[[File:Adolph Tidemand & Hans Gude - Bridal Procession on the Hardangerfjord - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Bridal Journey in [[Hardanger]]'' (1848) by [[Adolph Tidemand]] and [[Hans Gude]], an example of [[Norwegian romantic nationalism|romantic nationalism]]]]
The population decrease resulted in a labor shortage in the agriculture, which again resulted in [[The Great Transformation (Norway)|increased use of machinery]] and thus capital. The government stimulated the process through the creation of the [[Norges Hypotekbank|Mortgage Bank]] in 1851 and the [[Norwegian University of Life Sciences|State Agricultural College]] eight years later.<ref>Stenersen: 89</ref> The 19th century saw a large increase of road construction and [[steamship]] services commenced along the coast. The first railway, the [[Trunk Line]] between Christiania and Eidsvoll opened in 1854, followed a year later by the first telegraph line. Export industry commenced with steam-powered sawmills in the 1860s, followed by canned herring, [[wood pulp]] and [[cellulose]]. From 1850 to 1880 the Norwegian shipping industry enjoyed a large boom, stimulated by the abolishing of the British [[Navigation Acts]]. By 1880 there were 60,000 Norwegian seamen and the country had the world's third-largest [[merchant marine]].<ref>Stenersen: 86</ref> As the first coast-to-coast railway, the [[Røros Line]] connected the capital to Trondheim in 1877.<ref name="railway">{{cite web |title=Railway Statistics 2008 |url=http://www.jernbaneverket.no/no/dokumenter/Om-oss/Jernbanestatistikk/Jernbanestatistikk-2008/ |access-date=28 August 2010 |publisher=[[Jernbaneverket]] |format=PDF |pages=44–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122071524/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/7894/Jernbanestatistikk%202008_22%20juni_web.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead}}</ref> Norway joined the [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]] in 1875 and introduced the [[Norwegian krone]] with a [[gold standard]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norges-bank.no/en/about/history/norges-banks-history/ |title=Norges Bank's history |publisher=[[Norges Bank]] |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701035420/http://www.norges-bank.no/en/about/history/norges-banks-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> along with the [[metric system]] being introduced.<ref name="Thuesen: 224">Thuesen: 224</ref>

=== The last decades of the Union ===
[[File:Pihl holtaalen 1877.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Røros Line]] through [[Holtålen Municipality]] in 1877]]
Annual parliamentary sessions were introduced from 1869 and in 1872 ministers were, through a constitutional amendment, required to meet in Parliament to defend their policies. The king, despite having no constitutional right to do so, vetoed the amendment in three successive parliaments. The [[1882 Norwegian parliamentary election|1882 election]] saw the first two parties, the [[Liberal Party (Norway)|Liberals]] and [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservatives]], run for election, and subsequently the majority succeeded at [[impeachment (Norway)|impeaching]] the cabinet.<ref>Stenersen: 90</ref> In 1884, King [[Oscar II]] appointed majority leader [[Johan Sverdrup]] as [[Prime Minister of Norway|prime minister]], thus establishing [[parliamentarism]] as the first European country.<ref>Stenersen: 91</ref> The Liberal Party introduced a series of legal reforms, such as increasing the voting rights to about half of all men, settling the [[Norwegian language conflict|language conflict]] by establishing two official written standards, [[Bokmål|Riksmål]] and [[Nynorsk|Landsmål]], introduced [[jury|juries]], seven years of [[compulsory education]] and,<ref name="s92">Stenersen: 92</ref> as the first European country, [[universal suffrage]] for men in 1889.<ref name="s95">Stenersen: 95</ref>

The 1880s and 1890s saw the rise of the labor movement and trade unions became common; the [[Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions]] was established in 1899 and the [[Norwegian Employers' Confederation]] the following year.<ref name="s92" /> The [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labor Party]] had its first parliamentary members elected in 1903. The women's issue became increasingly dominant through the 1880s and they were gradually permitted to take secondary and tertiary education.<ref name="s93">Stenersen: 93</ref> Norwegian support of the union decreased towards the end of the 1890s, especially following the 1897 Swedish abolition of the free trade agreement and the lack of a Norwegian foreign minister. Negotiations of independence commenced, but were not effective because of shifting governments and the Swedish threat of war.<ref name="s95" />