Editing History of Morocco (section)

=== Founders of the Idrisid state: Idris I and Idris II ===
By the second half of the 8th century the westernmost regions of the [[Maghreb]], including present-day Morocco, had been effectively independent of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] since the [[Kharijites|Khariji]]-led [[Berber Revolt|Berber revolts]] that started in 739–740.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blankinship|first=Khalid Yahya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C&q=morocco&pg=PA207|title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=9780791418277|pages=207|quote=At this point, the rebels had control of all modern Morocco, most of which was not to see rule by the universal caliphate again.}}</ref> The [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after 750 had no more success in re-establishing control over Morocco.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|41}} The overthrow of eastern authority meant that Morocco was controlled by various local Berber tribes and principalities which emerged around this time, such as the [[Barghawata|Barghwata Confederacy]] on the Atlantic coast and the [[Midrarid dynasty|Midrarid Emirate]] in [[Sijilmasa]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0" />

The founder of the Idrisid dynasty was [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] (788–791),<ref name="Eustache1031">''Idris I'', D. Eustache, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. III, ed. B.Lewis, V. L. Menage, C. Pellat and J. Schact, (Brill, 1986), 1031.</ref> who traced his ancestry back to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (died 661)<ref name="Eustache1031" /> and his wife [[Fatimah]], daughter of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]. He was the great-grandchild of [[Hasan ibn Ali]].<ref>{{EI2 | last = Eustache | first = D. | title = Idrīsids | volume = 3 | pages = 1031 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3495 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|81}} After the [[Battle of Fakhkh]], near [[Mecca]], between the [[Abbasids]] and supporters of the descendants of the [[Muhammad|prophet Muhammad]], Idris ibn Abdallah fled to the Maghreb. He first arrived in [[Tangier]], the most important city of Morocco at the time, and by 788 he had settled in [[Volubilis]] (known as Walili in Arabic).<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|51}}

The powerful [[Awraba|Awraba Berbers]] of Volubilis took in Idris and made him their '[[imam]]' (religious leader).<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Abun-Nasr|first=Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&q=A%20history%20of%20the%20Maghrib%20in%20the%20Islamic%20period&pg=PP1|title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987|isbn=0521337674|location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|51}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rivet|first=Daniel|title=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI|publisher=Fayard|year=2012}}</ref>{{Rp|81}} The Awraba tribe had supported [[Kusayla]] in his struggle against the [[Ummayad]] armies in the 670s and 680s. By the second half of the 8th century they had settled in northern Morocco, where their leader Ishak had his base in the Roman town of Volubilis. By this time the Awraba were already Muslim, but lived in an area where most tribes were either Christian, Jewish, [[Khariji]] or pagan. The Awraba seem to have welcomed a Sharifi imam as a way to strengthen their political position. Idris I, who was very active in the political organization of the Awraba, began by asserting his authority and working toward the subjugation of the Christian and Jewish tribes. In 789 he founded a settlement south east of Volubilis, called ''[[Fes|Medinat Fas]]''. In 791 Idris I was poisoned and killed by an Abbasid agent. Even though he left no male heir, shortly after his death, his wife Lalla Kanza bint Uqba al-Awrabi, bore him his only son and successor, Idris II. Idris' loyal Arab ex-slave and companion Rashid brought up the boy and took on himself the regency of the state, on behalf of the Awraba. In 801 Rashid was killed by the [[Abbasids]]. In the following year, at the age of 11 years, Idris II was proclaimed imam by the Awraba.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|51}}

Even though he had spread his authority across much of northern Morocco, as far west as [[Tlemcen]], Idris I had been completely dependent on the Awraba leadership. Idris II began his rule with the weakening of Awraba power by welcoming Arab settlers in Walili and by appointing two Arabs as his ''vizier'' and ''qadi''. Thus he transformed himself from a protégé of the Awraba into their sovereign. The Awraba leader Ishak responded by plotting against his life with the [[Aghlabids]] of Tunisia. Idris reacted by having his former protector Ishak killed, and in 809 moved his seat of government from the Awraba dominated Walili to Fes, where he founded a new settlement named Al-'Aliya. [[Idris II of Morocco|Idris II]] (791–828) developed the city of [[Fes|Fez]], established earlier by his father as a Berber market town. Here he welcomed two waves of Arab immigration: one in 818 from Cordoba and another in 824 from [[Aghlabid]] Tunisia, giving Fes a more Arab character than other Maghrebi cities. When Idris II died in 828, the Idrisid state spanned from western Algeria to the [[Sous]] in southern Morocco and had become the leading state of Morocco, ahead of the principalities of [[Sijilmasa]], [[Barghawata]] and [[Nekor]] which remained outside their control.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|51–52}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|86}}