Editing Harlem (section)

== Demographics ==
The demographics of Harlem's communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, black residents formed 10% of Harlem's population, but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of [[African Americans]] from the South to northern cities, including New York. Within the city, this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods, where black people were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population of 233,000. As of 2000, central Harlem's black residents comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however, the black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf#mn10 Nyc.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317001127/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |date=March 17, 2013}}</ref> As of 2021, central Harlem's Black residents numbered 56,668, comprising 44% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: NYC-Manhattan Community District 10—Central Harlem PUMA, NY |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Census Reporter |language=en |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430023559/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In that regard, there are an estimated 27% (34,773) Hispanics, 18% (23,182) White, 4% (5,151) Asian, 6% (7,727) of two or more races and 2% (2,575) Other.

Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average, as well as high poverty rates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinkney |first1=Alphonso |last2=Woock |first2=Roger R. |title=Poverty and Politics in Harlem |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8084-0249-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_x_oAEACAAJ |access-date=March 21, 2019 |page=31 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_x_oAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the [[Great Depression]], unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Nick |title=Great Depression (1930's) News |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-great-depression |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321164310/https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-great-depression |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted the [[redlining]] policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Central Harlem was deemed 'hazardous' and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions.

In the 1960s, uneducated black people could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower-class families for cheaper rent but in lower-class conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shumsky |first=N.L. |title=Encyclopedia of urban America: the cities and suburbs. A – L |publisher=ABC-ClIO |issue=v. 1 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87436-846-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uodUAAAAMAAJ |access-date=March 21, 2019 |chapter=Harlem |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210524/https://books.google.com/books?id=uodUAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1999 there were 179,000 housing units available in Harlem.<ref name="Hyra, Derek S. 2008">{{cite book |last=Hyra |first=Derek S. |title=The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-226-36604-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYfJPr3fHXcC |access-date=March 21, 2019 |page=103 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYfJPr3fHXcC |url-status=live }}</ref> Housing activists in Harlem state that, even after residents were given vouchers for the [[Section 8 housing]] that was being placed, many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless.<ref name="Hyra, Derek S. 2008" /> These policies are examples of [[societal racism]], also known as structural racism. As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of [[health disparities]] between racial and ethnic minorities,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Zinzi D. |last2=Krieger |first2=Nancy |last3=Agénor |first3=Madina |last4=Graves |first4=Jasmine |last5=Linos |first5=Natalia |last6=Bassett |first6=Mary T. |date=April 8, 2017 |title=Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=389 |issue=10077 |pages=1453–1463 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=28402827 |s2cid=4669313 |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211025/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> these 20th century policies have contributed to the current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods.<ref name="CHP2018" />

===Central Harlem===
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street.<ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129141839/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf |date=November 29, 2018 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> Based on data from the [[2010 United States Census]], the population of Central Harlem was 118,665, a change of 9,574 (8.1%) from the 109,091 counted in [[2000 United States Census|2000]]. Covering an area of {{convert|926.05|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|128.1|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PLP5">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610175331/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (11,322) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 63% (74,735) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% (367) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.4% (2,839) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0% (46) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.3% (372) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.2% (2,651) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 22.2% (26,333) of the population. Harlem's Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North, and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South, while the Hispanic / Latino population was evenly split.<ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>

The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population's increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino population's increase by 43% (7,982), and the Black population's decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races increased by 4% (142).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls |title=Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood |publisher=Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |format=Excel file |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045228/http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>

The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn10.pdf |title=Central Harlem |date=2018 |website=nyc.gov |publisher=NYC Health |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040538/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |title=2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 |date=2016 |website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]] |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004755/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}} Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community District 10 was $49,059.<ref name="CB10PUMA">{{cite web |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 10—Central Harlem PUMA, NY |work=Census Reporter |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040540/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. Around 12% of residents were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Community District 10 is considered to be [[gentrification|gentrifying]]: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}

===Other sections===
In 2010, the population of West Harlem was 110,193.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn09_info.shtml |title=Nyc.gov West Harlem Community District Profil. |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305224505/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn09_info.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> West Harlem, consisting of [[Manhattanville]] and [[Hamilton Heights]], is predominately Hispanic / Latino, while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2010, the population of [[East Harlem]] was 120,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn11_info.shtml |title=Nyc.org Harlem Manhattan Community District Profile |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305224459/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn11_info.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood.<ref>[http://www.nycteachingfellows.org/mypersonalinfo/downloads/M.HarlemHistory.pdf Nycteachingfellows.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824054930/http://www.nycteachingfellows.org/mypersonalinfo/downloads/M.HarlemHistory.pdf |date=August 24, 2014}}</ref> The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] migration began after World War II,<ref name="nyc.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/el_barrio_spanish_harlem.75851/editorial_review.aspx |title=El Barrio (Spanish Harlem) New York City.com: Visitor Guide: Editorial Review |publisher=Nyc.com |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224225708/http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/el_barrio_spanish_harlem.75851/editorial_review.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> though in recent decades, many [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Mexican people|Mexican]] and [[Salvadorans|Salvadoran]] immigrants have also settled in East Harlem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://studio323ny.com/eastharlem |title=East Harlem |publisher=studio323ny.com |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817052835/http://studio323ny.com/eastharlem |archive-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref> East Harlem is now predominantly Hispanic / Latino, with a significant African-American presence.<ref name="nyc.com"/>

===2020 Census===
In the 2020 census, Harlem's demographics were broken up into North Harlem, South Harlem, [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]], and West Harlem. North Harlem had 40,000+ Black residents being the largest concentration of the black population of the Harlem area, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. South Harlem had 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. Hamilton Heights had 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents being the largest population group in this section, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. West Harlem had an equal number of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5,000 to 9,999 residents and each the White and Asian population were fewer than 5,000 residents.<ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf ''2020 Census Results For New York City Key Population & Housing Characteristics''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925151633/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf |date=September 25, 2021 }}, [[New York City Department of City Planning]], August 2021. Accessed November 24, 2022.</ref>