Editing Habeas corpus (section)

===France===
As a fundamental human right in the 1789 [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] drafted by [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] in co-operation with [[Thomas Jefferson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/marquis-de-lafayette |title=Marquis de Lafayette |publisher=Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia |year=2014 |access-date=2014-06-15}}</ref> safeguards against arbitrary detention are enshrined in the French Constitution and regulated by the Penal Code. These safeguards are equivalent to those found under the Habeas-Corpus provisions found in Germany, the United States and several Commonwealth countries. The French system of accountability prescribes severe penalties for ministers, police officers and civil and judiciary authorities who either violate or fail to enforce the law.

{{blockquote|Article&nbsp;7 of [1789] Declaration also provides that "No individual may be accused, arrested, or detained except where the law so prescribes, and in accordance with the procedure it has laid down." ... The Constitution further states that "No one may be arbitrarily detained. The judicial authority, guardian of individual liberty, ensures the observance of this principle under the condition specified by law." Its article&nbsp;5 provides that everyone has the right to liberty and sets forth permissible circumstances under which people may be deprived of their liberty and procedural safeguards in case of detention. In particular, it states that "anyone deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/habeas-corpus/france.php |title=Habeas Corpus Rights: France |first=Nicole |last=Atwill |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |year=2009 |access-date=2014-06-14}}</ref>}}

France and the United States played a synergistic role in the international team, led by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], which crafted the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. The French judge and Nobel Peace Laureate [[René Cassin]] produced the first draft<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.droits-fondamentaux.org/spip.php?article42 |title=A World Made New – Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |first1=Mary Ann |last1=Glendon |first2=Emmanuel |last2=Decaux |publisher=Le Centre de recherche sur les droits de l'homme et le droit humanitaire, CRDH, Université Panthéon-Assas |access-date=2014-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714114736/http://www.droits-fondamentaux.org/spip.php?article42 |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/history.shtml |series=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |title=History of the Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2014-06-15}}</ref> and argued against arbitrary detentions. René Cassin and the French team subsequently championed the ''habeas corpus'' provisions enshrined in the [[European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/rene-cassin-and-human-rights-great-war-universal-declaration?format=HB |title=René Cassin and Human Rights: From the Great War to the Universal Declaration |first1=Jay |last1=Winter |first2=Antoine |last2=Prost |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=June 2013 |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>