Editing Garden of Eden (section)

==Other views==
===Jewish eschatology===
[[File:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - The Earthly Paradise (Garden of Eden).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|right|The Garden of Eden in the left panel of [[Hieronymus Bosch|Bosch's]] ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]'']]
In the [[Talmud]] and the Jewish [[Kabbalah]],<ref name="Gan Eden">{{JewishEncyclopedia |title=EDEN, GARDEN OF |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5428-eden-garden-of |access-date=2023-11-09 }}</ref> the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called "Garden in Eden". The first is rather terrestrial, of abundant fertility and luxuriant vegetation, known as the "lower {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden" ({{transliteration|he|gan}} meaning garden). The second is envisioned as being celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known as the "higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden". The [[rabbi]]s differentiate between {{transliteration|he|Gan}} and Eden. Adam is said to have dwelt only in the {{transliteration|he|Gan}}, whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye.<ref name="Gan Eden"/>

According to [[Jewish eschatology]],<ref name="Eschatology">{{JewishEncyclopedia |title=ESCHATOLOGY |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5849-eschatology |access-date=2023-11-09 }}</ref> the higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden is called the "Garden of Righteousness". It has been created since the beginning of the world, and will appear gloriously at the end of time. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly {{transliteration|he|[[chayot]]}} carrying the throne of God. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are "clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (Enoch 58,3) near to God and his anointed ones.<ref name="Eschatology"/> This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms {{transliteration|he|[[gehinnom]]}} and {{transliteration|he|[[sheol]]}}, figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from [[heaven]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Some modern Orthodox Jews believe that history will complete itself and the ultimate destination will be when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden.<ref>{{cite web|title=End of Days|date=11 January 2000|url=http://www.aish.com/ci/a/48925077.html|publisher=Aish|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>

====Legends of the Jews====
In the 1909 book ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', [[Louis Ginzberg]] compiled Jewish legends found in [[rabbinic literature]]. Among the legends are ones about the two Gardens of Eden. Beyond Paradise is the higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden, where God is enthroned and explains the Torah to its inhabitants. The higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden contains three hundred and ten worlds and is divided into seven compartments. The compartments are not described, though it is implied that each compartment is greater than the previous one and is joined based on one's merit. The first compartment is for Jewish martyrs, the second for those who drowned, the third for "Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai and his disciples," the fourth for those whom the cloud of glory carried off, the fifth for penitents, the sixth for youths who have never sinned; and the seventh for the poor who lived decently and studied the Torah.<ref name="Legends">{{Cite web |title=Chapter I: The Creation of the World |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jud/loj/loj103.htm |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

In chapter two, ''Legends of the Jews'' gives a brief description of the lower {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden. The tree of knowledge is a hedge around the tree of life, which is so vast that "it would take a man five hundred years to traverse a distance equal to the diameter of the trunk". From beneath the trees flow all the world's waters in the form of four rivers: Tigris, Nile, Euphrates, and Ganges. After the fall of man, the world was no longer irrigated by this water. While in the garden, though, Adam and Eve were served meat dishes by angels and the animals of the world understood human language, respected mankind as God's image, and feared Adam and Eve. When one dies, one's soul must pass through the lower {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden in order to reach the higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden. The way to the garden is the Cave of Machpelah that Adam guards. The cave leads to the gate of the garden, guarded by a cherub with a flaming sword. If a soul is unworthy of entering, the sword annihilates it. Within the garden is a pillar of fire and smoke that extends to the higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden, which the soul must climb in order to reach the higher {{transliteration|he|Gan}} Eden.<ref name=Legends/>

===Christian views===
====Atemporal fall view====
For some Christians, especially in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] tradition, Eden is considered a reality outside of empirical history that affects the entire history of the universe as seen in the idea of an [[atemporal fall]] which separates humanity's current reduced form of time from the divine life enjoyed in Eden. This idea of an atemporal separation from Eden has been most recently defended by theologians [[David Bentley Hart]], [[John Behr]], and [[Sergei Bulgakov]] as well as having roots in the writings of several early church fathers, especially [[Origen]] and [[Maximus the Confessor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://afkimel.wordpress.com/2018/01/15/origen-and-the-eschatological-creation-of-the-cosmos/ |title=Origen and the Eschatological Creation of the Cosmos |last=Behr |first=John |author-link=John Behr |date=15 January 2018 |website=Eclectic Orthodoxy |access-date=5 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124131351/https://afkimel.wordpress.com/2018/01/15/origen-and-the-eschatological-creation-of-the-cosmos/ |archive-date=24 January 2023 |quote=Our beginning in this world and its time can only be thought of as a falling away from that eternal and heavenly reality, to which we are called.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/jacobswell/docs/jacob_s_well_spring_2022_online_1_ |title=The Redemption of Evolution: Maximus the Confessor, The Incarnation, and Modern Science |last=Chenoweth |first=Mark |date=Summer 2022 |website=Jacob's Well |access-date=5 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814135608/https://issuu.com/jacobswell/docs/jacob_s_well_spring_2022_online_1_ |archive-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Sergei |last1=Bulgakov |translator-first1=Boris	|translator-last1=Jakim |year=2001 |chapter=Evil |title=The Bride of the Lamb |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |pages=170 |isbn=9780802839152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=David Bentley |last1=Hart |author-link=David Bentley Hart |year=2020 |chapter=The Devil's March: Creatio ex Nihilo, the Problem of Evil, and a Few Dostoyevskian Meditations |title=Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest |location=Notre Dame, Indiana |publisher=Notre Dame Press |isbn=9780268107178}}</ref>

===Islamic view===
[[File:Spanish-Arabic map of 1109.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Mozarabic art|Mozarabic]] world map from 1109 with Eden in the East (at top)]]
The term {{transliteration|ar|jannāt ʿadni}} ("Gardens of Eden" or "Gardens of Perpetual Residence") is used in the [[Quran]] for the destination of the righteous. There are several mentions of "the Garden" in the Quran,<ref>''Qur'an'', 2:35, 7:19, 20:117, 61:12.</ref> while the Garden of Eden, without the word {{transliteration|ar|ʿadn}},<ref>See [http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=lem%3AEadon+pos%3Apn list of occurrences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722082206/http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=lem%3AEadon+pos%3Apn |date=2015-07-22 }}.</ref> is commonly the fourth layer of the Islamic [[Jannah|heaven]] and not necessarily thought as the dwelling place of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes ''Dictionary of Islam,'' Asian Educational Services 1995 {{ISBN|978-8-120-60672-2}} p. 133.</ref> The Quran refers frequently over various [[Surah]] about the first abode of Adam and his spouse (told to be Hawwa or Eve, her name is never given in the Quran), including surah [[Sad (surah)|Sad]], which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surah [[al-Baqara]], surah [[al-A'raf]], and surah [[al-Hijr (surah)|al-Hijr]] although sometimes without mentioning the location. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Adam and his spouse after they were tempted by [[Iblis]] (Satan).

Despite the biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, from which [[God in Islam|God]] specifically forbade Adam and his spouse. Some [[tafsir|exegesis]] added an account, about [[Satan]], disguised as a serpent to enter the Garden, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and his spouse did so, resulting in disobeying God.<ref>Leaman, Oliver ''The Quran, an encyclopedia 2006'', p. 11.</ref> These stories are also featured in the [[hadith]] collections, including [[al-Tabari]].<ref>Wheeler, Brannon. ''Mecca and Eden: ritual, relics, and territory in Islam'' 2006, p. 16.</ref>
;Quranic scripture of story
Quranic verses Q. 2:35–38, are believed to tell the story of Adam disobeying God's command and eating the Forbidden Fruit, and of God ordered him out of the Garden. One translation (the Clear Quran) that indicates that the Garden of Eden was in Heaven goes: 
* We cautioned, "O Adam! Live with your wife in Paradise (lit. "the Garden") and eat as freely as you please, but do not approach this tree, or else you will be wrongdoers." (2:35) 
* But Satan deceived them—leading to their fall from the [blissful] state they were in,1 and We said, "Descend from the heavens [to the earth] as enemies to each other.2 You will find in the earth a residence and provision for your appointed stay." (2:36)
* Then Adam was inspired with words ˹of prayer˺ by his Lord, so He accepted his repentance. Surely He is the Accepter of Repentance, Most Merciful. (2:37) 
* We said, "Descend all of you! Then when guidance comes to you from Me, whoever follows it, there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve. (2:38)<ref>[https://quran.com/2/35-40 Al-Bakarah, verses 35-38] translation: Dr. Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran. from Quran.com</ref>
;Location
Quranic verses describe Adam was being expelled from ''al-Jannah'', "the garden", which is the commonly used word for paradise in Islam. However, according to [[Ibn Kathir]] (d. 1372) and Ar-Razi (d. 1209), (exegetes of the Quran), four interpretations of the location of the garden prevailed among early Muslims: 
*that the garden was Paradise itself, 
*that it was a separate garden created especially for Adam and his spouse, 
*that it was located on Earth,  
*that it was best for the Muslims not to be concerned with the location of the garden.<ref name="IWL-2019">{{cite web |last1=Shanavas |first1=T. O. |date=September 6, 2019 |title=The Garden of Eden: An Earthly or Heavenly Garden? (from: Shanavas, T. O. (2005). Islamic Theory of Evolution: The Missing Link between Darwin and the Origin of Species. (p. 161–168).) |url=http://www.islamicweblibrary.com/2019/09/06/the-garden-of-eden/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528010259/http://www.islamicweblibrary.com/2019/09/06/the-garden-of-eden/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Islamic Web Library}}</ref>
According to T. O. Shanavas however, contextual analysis of Quranic verses suggests the Garden of Eden could not have been in Paradise and must have been on earth. (For example, a sahih hadith reports Muhammad said: "Allah says: I have prepared for my righteous servants that which has neither been seen by eyes, nor heard by ears, nor ever conceived by any man." i.e. no man has ever seen Paradise. Since Adam was a man, he could not have seen paradise, therefore he could not have lived there.)<ref name="IWL-2019"/>
;Doctrine of "The Fall of Man"
Islamic exegesis does not regard [[Fall of man|Adam and his spouse's expulsion from paradise]] as punishment for disobedience or a result from abused free will on their part.<ref name="Lange-2016">{{cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url= |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |page= |author-link=}}</ref>{{rp|p=171}} Instead, [[ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]] (1292–1350) writes, [[Hikmah|God's wisdom]] (''ḥikma'') destined humanity to leave the garden and settle on earth. This is because God wants to unfold the full range of his attributes.<ref name="Lange-2016"/>{{rp|p=171}} If humans were not to live on earth, God could not express his love, forgiveness, and power to his creation.<ref name="Lange-2016"/> Further, if humans were not to experience suffering, they could neither long for paradise nor appreciate its delights.<ref name="Lange-2016"/> [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] (1006–1088) describes Adam and his spouse's expulsion as ultimately caused by God.<ref name="Awn">{{Cite journal |last=Awn |first=Peter J. |date=1983 |title=The Ethical Concerns of Classical Sufism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40017708 |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=240–263 |jstor=40017708 |issn=0384-9694 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404201310/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40017708 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|p=252}} Nonetheless, despite the paradoxical notion that man has no choice but to comply to God's will, this does not mean that humans should not blame themselves for their "sin" of complying.<ref name= "Awn"/>{{rp|p=252}} This is exemplified by Adam and his spouse in the Quran (Q. 7:23 "Our Lord! We have wronged ourselves. If You do not forgive us and have mercy on us, we will certainly be losers"), in contrast to Iblis (Satan) who blames God for leading him astray (Q. 15:37).<ref name= "Awn"/>

===Latter Day Saints===
{{see also|Adam and Eve (LDS Church)}}
Followers of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] believe that after Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as [[Adam-ondi-Ahman]], located in present-day [[Daviess County, Missouri]]. It is recorded in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]] that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he will return to that place at the time of the [[final judgment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/107.53?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 107:53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/116.1?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 116:1}}</ref> in fulfillment of a prophecy set forth in the Bible.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/ot/dan/7.13.13-14,22?lang=eng|title=Daniel 7:13–14, 22}}</ref>

Numerous early leaders of the Church, including [[Brigham Young]], [[Heber C. Kimball]], and [[George Q. Cannon]], taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County,<ref name="fairlatterdaysaints">{{Cite web |title=The location of the Garden of Eden – FAIR |url=https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/answers/Joseph_Smith/Garden_of_Eden_in_Missouri |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.fairlatterdaysaints.org}}</ref> but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. LDS doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden of Eden, but tradition among Latter-Day Saints places it somewhere in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman, or in Jackson County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Have a Question |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/ensign/1994/01/i-have-a-question |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |pages=54–55 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101#C18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310215659/http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101#C18|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-10|title=What is Mormonism? Overview of Mormon Beliefs – Mormonism 101|date=2014-10-13|work=www.mormonnewsroom.org|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}</ref>

===Gnosticism===
The 2nd-century [[Gnostic]] teacher [[Justin (gnostic)|Justin]] held that there were three original divinities, a transcendental being called the Good, an intermediate male figure known as [[Elohim]] and Eden who is an [[Earth goddess|Earth-mother]]. The world is created from the love of Elohim and Eden, but evil later is brought into the universe when Elohim learns of the existence of the Good above him and ascends trying to reach it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gnosticism – Apocryphon of John|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gnosticism/Apocryphon-of-John|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>