Editing Ferrara (section)

==Culture==

===Jewish community===

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| image1            = Ferrara, sinagoga, 01.jpg|
| caption1          = The town's [[Ferrara Synagogue|Synagogue]], established in 1485<ref>{{cite book|last1=Krinsky|first1=Carol Herselle|title=Synagogues of Europe : architecture, history, meaning|date=1985|publisher=Architectural History Foundation|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0262610483|page=43}}</ref>
| image2            = Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6348741.jpg|
| caption2          = Graves in the [[Jewish cemetery]]
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The Jewish community of Ferrara is the only one in Emilia Romagna with a continuous presence from the Middle Ages to the present day. It played an important role when Ferrara enjoyed its greatest splendor in the 15th and 16th century, with the duke [[Ercole I d'Este]]. The situation of the Jews deteriorated in 1598, when the Este dynasty moved to Modena and the city came under papal control. The Jewish settlement, located in three streets forming a triangle near the cathedral, became a [[ghetto]] in 1627. Apart from a few years under [[Napoleon]] and during the 1848 revolution, the ghetto lasted until [[Italian unification]] in 1859.

In 1799, the Jewish community saved the city from sacking by troops of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. During the spring of 1799, the city had fallen into the hands of the [[Republic of France]], which established a small garrison there. On 15&nbsp;April, Lieutenant Field Marshal [[Johann von Klenau]] approached the fortress with a modest mixed force of Austrian cavalry, artillery and infantry augmented by Italian peasant rebels, commanded by Count Antonio Bardaniand and demanded its capitulation. The commander refused. Klenau blockaded the city, leaving a small group of artillery and troops to continue the siege.<ref>Colonel Danilo Oreskovich and 1,300&nbsp;Croatians of the 2nd Banat battalion, 4,000&nbsp;Ferrarese auxiliary troops commanded by Count Antonio Gardani, and several hundred local peasants commanded by Major Angelo Pietro Poli. Acerbi. [http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html ''The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799''].</ref> For the next three days, Klenau patrolled the countryside, capturing the surrounding strategic points of [[Lagoscuro]], [[Borgoforte]] and the [[Mirandola]] fortress. The besieged garrison made several sorties from the Saint Paul's Gate, which were repulsed by the insurgent peasants. The French attempted two rescues of the beleaguered fortress: the first, on 24&nbsp;April, when a force of 400&nbsp;Modenese was repulsed at Mirandola and the second, General [[Montrichard]] tried to raise the city-blockade by advancing with a force of 4,000. Finally, at the end of the month, a column led by [[Pierre-Augustin Hulin]] reached and relieved the fortress.<ref>Acerbi, [http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html ''The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799''].</ref>

Klenau took possession of the town on 21&nbsp;May, and garrisoned it with a light battalion. The Jewish residents of Ferrara paid 30,000&nbsp;[[ducat]]s to prevent the pillage of the city by Klenau's forces; this was used to pay the wages of Gardani's troops.<ref>Accerbi reports that wages were the equivalent of a daily intake of 21&nbsp;"[[Baiocchi]]" in cash and four in bread. Acerbi, [http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html ''The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799''].</ref> Although Klenau held the town, the French still possessed the town's fortress. After making the standard request for surrender at 08:00, which was refused, Klenau ordered a barrage from his mortars and howitzers. After two [[Magazine (artillery)|magazines]] caught fire, the commandant was summoned again to surrender; there was some delay, but a flag of truce was sent at 21:00, and the capitulation was concluded at 01:00 the next day. Upon taking possession of the fortress, Klenau found 75&nbsp;new artillery pieces, plus ammunition and six months worth of provisions.<ref>Acerbi, [http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html ''The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799'']; Klenau's force included a battalion of light infantry, a couple battalions of border infantry, a squadron of the ''Nauendorf'' Hussars (8th Hussars), and approximately 4,000&nbsp;armed peasants. For details on Austrian force, see Smith, ''Ferrara'', ''Data Book'', p. 156. Klenau's force also captured 75&nbsp;guns from the fortress.</ref>

In 1938, Mussolini's fascist government instituted racial laws reintroducing segregation of Jews which lasted until the end of the German occupation. During the Second World War, 96 of Ferrara's 300 Jews were deported to German concentration and death camps; five survived. The Italian Jewish writer, [[Giorgio Bassani]], was from Ferrara. His celebrated book, ''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]'', was published in Italian as Giardino dei Finzi-Contini, 1962, by Giulio Einaudi editore s.p.a. It was made into a film by [[Vittorio de Sica]] in 1970.

During WWII, the Este Castle, adjacent to the Corso Roma, now known as the Corso Martiri della Libertà, was the site of an infamous massacre in 1943.

On December 13, 2017, the first day of [[Hanukkah]], Italy's [[Museum of Italian Judaism and the Shoah]] opened on the site of a restored two-story brick prison built in 1912 that counted Jews among its detainees during the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] period. This is the initial phase of a project—known as MEIS, after its initials in Italian—to be completed in 2021, with additional buildings that will create a major Jewish cultural hub and add exhibits focusing on the Jews in the [[Italian Renaissance]] and the Shoah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/253969/ferrara-italy-jewish-museum|title=Once It Imprisoned Jews, Now It's a Museum of Their History in Italy|work=Tablet Magazine|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/travel/jewish-history-museum-ferrara-italy.html|title=A New Museum Explores 2,000 Years of Jewish Life in Italy|last=Wall|first=Harry D.|date=2019-04-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Visual art===
[[File:Aprile, francesco del cossa, 11.jpg|thumb|left|Francesco del Cossa's "May" from the "Salone dei Mesi" ("Great hall of the months") in Palazzo Schifanoia, circa 1470]]
During the Renaissance the Este family, well known for its patronage of the arts, welcomed a great number of artists, especially painters, that formed the so-called [[School of Ferrara (painting)|School of Ferrara]]. The astounding list of painters and artists includes the names of [[Andrea Mantegna]], [[Vicino da Ferrara]], [[Giovanni Bellini]], [[Leon Battista Alberti]], [[Pisanello]], [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Battista Dossi]], [[Dosso Dossi]], [[Cosmé Tura]], [[Francesco del Cossa]] and [[Titian]]. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Ferrara again hosted and inspired numerous painters who grew fond of its eerie atmosphere. Among them [[Giovanni Boldini]], [[Filippo de Pisis]] and [[Giorgio de Chirico]]. A large collection of paintings is displayed in the National Gallery of [[Palazzo dei Diamanti]].

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===Literature===
[[File:OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Title page of John Harington's translation of ''Orlando Furioso'', 1634]]
The Renaissance literary men and poets [[Torquato Tasso]] (author of ''[[Jerusalem Delivered]]''), [[Ludovico Ariosto]] (author of the romantic epic poem ''[[Orlando Furioso]]'') and [[Matteo Maria Boiardo]] (author of the grandiose poem of chivalry and romance ''[[Orlando Innamorato]]'') lived and worked at the court of Ferrara during the 15th and 16th century.

The ''[[Ferrara Bible]]'' was a 1553 publication of the [[Ladino language|Ladino]] version of the [[Tanakh]] used by [[Sephardi Jews]]. It was paid for and made by Yom-Tob ben Levi Athias (the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Marrano]] ''Jerónimo de Vargas'', as typographer) and [[Abraham Usque|Abraham ben Salomon Usque]] (the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Jew]] ''Duarte Pinhel'', as translator), and was dedicated to [[Ercole II d'Este]]. In the 20th century, Ferrara was the home and workplace of writer [[Giorgio Bassani]], well known for his novels that were often adapted for cinema (''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]'', ''[[Long Night in 1943]]''). In historical fiction, British author [[Sarah Dunant]] set her 2009 novel ''Sacred Hearts'' in a convent in Ferrara.

===Religion===
[[File:Taddeo crivelli, bibbia di borso d'este 23.jpg|thumb|left|A page from [[Borso d'Este Bible]]]]
Ferrara gave birth to [[Girolamo Savonarola]], the famous medieval [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest and leader of [[Florence]] from 1494 until his execution in 1498. He was known for his [[book burning]], destruction of what he considered immoral art, and hostility to the [[Renaissance]]. He vehemently preached against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time, and his main opponent was [[Pope Alexander VI]] (Rodrigo Borgia).

During the time that [[Renée of France]] was Duchess of Ferrara, her court attracted Protestant thinkers such as [[John Calvin]] and [[Olympia Fulvia Morata]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Robin|first1=Diana Maury|title=Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England|last2=Larsen|first2=Anne R|last3=Levin|first3=Carole|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=269}}</ref> The court became hostile to Protestant sympathizers after the marriage of Renée's daughter Anna d'Este to the fervently Catholic Duke of Guise.

===Music===
The Ferrarese musician [[Girolamo Frescobaldi]] was one of the most important [[composer]]s of [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]] music in the late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]] periods. His masterpiece ''[[Fiori musicali]]'' (''Musical Flowers'') is a collection of [[Catholic liturgy|liturgical]] [[Pipe organ|organ]] music first published in 1635. It became the most famous of Frescobaldi's works and was studied centuries after his death by numerous composers, including [[Johann Sebastian Bach]].<ref>Paul Badura-Skoda. "Interpreting Bach at the Keyboard", p. 259. Translated by Alfred Clayton. Oxford University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-816576-5}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Butt |editor-first=John |title=The Cambridge Companion to Bach |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[Cambridge Companions to Music]]}}, p. 139., 1997. {{ISBN|0-521-58780-8}}</ref> [[Maurizio Moro]] (15??–16??) an Italian poet of the 16th century best known for madrigals is thought to have been born in Ferrara.

===Cinema===
Ferrara is the birthplace of Italian [[film director]]s [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] and [[Florestano Vancini]]. The latter shot in Ferrara his 1960 film ''[[Long Night in 1943]]''. The town was also the setting of the famous 1970 movie ''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)|The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]'' by [[Vittorio De Sica]], that tells the vicissitudes of a rich Jewish family during the dictatorship of [[Benito Mussolini]] and [[World War II]]. Furthermore, [[Wim Wenders]] and [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s ''[[Beyond the Clouds (1995 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' in (1995) and [[Ermanno Olmi]]'s ''[[The Profession of Arms (2001 film)|The Profession of Arms]]'' in (2001), a film about the last days of [[Giovanni dalle Bande Nere]], were also shot in Ferrara.

In the third season of ''[[Medici (TV Series)]]'', [[Girolamo Riario]]'s men seize Ferrara, 100 miles from Florence and takes their salt. Based on the actions by Riario, [[Pope Sixtus IV]] condemns Riario and accepts Lorenzo's invitation to a peace conference in Bagnolo.<ref>{{Citation |title=Innocents |date=2020-05-01 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8910904/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |series=Medici |others=Daniel Sharman, Francesco Montanari, Sarah Parish}}</ref> The attack by Riario’s men on Ferrara was filmed at [[Castello di Oliveto|Castle of Oliveto]] in [[Castelfiorentino]], once the residence of the noble [[Pucci family]] of Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/works-and-artists/i-medici-3-ten-locations-where-the-series-about-lorenzo-the-magnificent-was-filmed|title=Medici 3: ten locations where the series about Lorenzo the Magnificent was filmed|work=Finestre sull Arte|date=November 23, 2019|author=Redazione|access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[File:Kid at Palio of Ferrara.jpg|thumb|A child dressed up for the Palio]]
The [[Palio]] of St. George is a medieval-themed horse race held every last Sunday of May. Established in 1279, it is probably the oldest such competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=PALIO DI FERRARA|url=http://www.emiliaromagnaturismo.com/en/events/ferrara/ferrara/palio-di-ferrara?set_language=en|website=Emiliaromagnaturismo.com|publisher=Official tourist information site of the Emilia-Romagna Region|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Clare|first1=Horatio|title=The Palio of Ferrara|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a133716a-b0fa-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a133716a-b0fa-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription|access-date=28 December 2017|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=28 March 2014}}</ref> The Ferrara [[busking|Buskers]] Festival is a non-competitive parade of street musicians from all over the world. At the 2017 edition, more than 1,000 artists from 35 different nations took part in the festival, including dancers, clowns, equilibrists, jugglers and other original performers.<ref>{{cite web|title=FERRARA BUSKERS FESTIVAL|url=http://www.emiliaromagnaturismo.com/en/events/ferrara/ferrara/ferrara-buskers-festival-1?set_language=en|website=Emiliaromagnaturismo.com|publisher=Official tourist information site of the Emilia-Romagna Region|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Additionally, the town hosts the yearly [[Ferrara Balloons Festival]], a large hot-air balloon show.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrara Balloons Festival 2017|url=http://www.ferrarainfo.com/en/ferrara/events/events-and-initiatives/folklore-and-festivals/ferrara-balloons-festival-2017|website=www.ferrarainfo.com|publisher="Ferrara Terra e Acqua", the official website for Ferrara and its province|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Sport===
The town's football team, [[S.P.A.L.|SPAL]], was established in 1907. In 2017 it was promoted to [[Serie A]], Italy's top-level football league, after a 49-year absence. Its home ground is [[Stadio Paolo Mazza|Paolo Mazza Memorial Stadium]], with a capacity of 16,134.<ref>{{cite news|title=SPAL RECEIVES BOOST TO FURTHER EXPAND STADIUM|url=http://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2017/12/20/spal-receives-boost-expand-stadium/|access-date=28 December 2017|work=TheStadiumBusiness|date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

Ferrara's basketball team [[Kleb Basket Ferrara]] competes in the [[Serie A2 Basket]] and plays its home games at the [[Palasport di Ferrara]].

===Cuisine===
[[File:Ferrarese snack.jpg|thumb|Some food items easily found in Ferrara: "coppia" bread,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrara's bread – IGP |url=http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/ferraras-bread-igp |website=Ferrara Terra e Acqua |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> "zia" [[garlic]] salami<ref>{{cite web |title=The Zia ferrarese Salami |url=http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/the-zia-ferrarese-salami?set_language=en |website=Ferrara Terra e Acqua |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> and [[Cucumis melo|muskmelon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Typical Melon from Emilia |url=http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/typical-melon-from-emilia |website=Ferrara Terra e Acqua |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>]]

The culinary tradition of Ferrara features many typical dishes that can be traced back to the [[Middle Ages]], and that sometimes reveals the influence of its important Jewish community.

The signature dish is ''cappellacci di zucca'', special [[ravioli]] with a filling of [[butternut squash]], [[Parmesan]] and flavored with [[nutmeg]]. It is served with a sauce of [[butter]] and [[Salvia officinalis|sage]] or [[bolognese sauce]]. Another peculiar dish, that was allegedly cooked by Renaissance chef [[Cristoforo di Messisbugo]], is ''pasticcio di maccheroni'', a domed [[macaroni]] pie, consisting of a crust of sweet dough enclosing macaroni in a [[Béchamel sauce]], studded with [[Boletus edulis|porcini]] mushrooms and ''[[Bolognese sauce|ragù alla bolognese]]''.

The traditional [[Christmas]] first course is ''[[Cappelletti (pasta)|cappelletti]]'', large meat filled ravioli served in chicken broth. It is often followed by ''[[salama da sugo]]'', a very big, cured [[sausage]] made from a selection of pork meats and spices kneaded with red wine.

Seafood is also an important part of the local tradition, that boast rich fisheries in the Po delta lagoons and Adriatic sea. Pasta with [[clam]]s and grilled or stewed [[eel]] dishes are especially well-known. Popular food items include also ''zia'' garlic salami and the traditional ''[[Coppia ferrarese|coppia]]'' bread, protected by the IGP ([[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|protected geographical status]]) label.<ref name=zhou>{{cite book | last1=Zhou | first1=Weibiao | last2=Hui | first2=Y. H. | title=Bakery Products Science and Technology | location=Oxford | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | year=2014 | page=701 | isbn=978-1-11879-193-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bF7BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA701 | access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Not unusual is the typical [[Kashrut|kosher]] salami made of goose meat stuffed in goose neck skin.

Local patisserie include spicy ''[[Panpepato|pampepato]]'' chocolate pie, ''tenerina'', a dark chocolate and butter cake, and ''[[zuppa inglese]]'', a chocolate and custard pudding on a bed of [[sponge cake]] soaked in [[Alchermes]]. The [[clay]] [[terroir]] of the area, an [[alluvial plain]] created by the river Po, is not ideal for wine; a notable exception is Bosco Eliceo ([[Denominazione di origine controllata|DOC]]) wine, made from grapes cultivated on the sandy coast line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bosco Eliceo DOC|url=https://www.enotecaemiliaromagna.it/en/our-wines/doc-and-docg-wines/a/bosco-eliceo|publisher=Enoteca Regionale Emilia-Romagna|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>