Editing Federal Aviation Regulations (section)

=== Part 91 ===
Part 91 defines a '''Part 91 Operator'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=7a7c1aafb1ed13f92b2f7b6f0e003c70&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.10&idno=14 |title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |publisher=ecfr.gpoaccess.gov |access-date=March 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006121628/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.10&idno=14 |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These are the regulations that define the operation of small non-commercial [[aircraft]] within the [[United States]], however, many other countries defer to these rules. These rules set conditions, such as weather, under which the aircraft may operate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessaviationcounsel.com/pages/aviation-topics/the-myth-about-single-purpose-entities/ |title=The Dilemma of Single Purpose Entities |work= Business Aviation Lawyer|author= Stewart H. Lapayowker, P.A. |access-date=March 10, 2010 }}</ref>

==== Section 91.3(b) ====

This regulation states that the pilot-in-command is the party directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, an aircraft being operated.

Additionally, this regulation states that in an emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot-in-command may deviate from any regulation contained within Part 91 to the extent required to handle the emergency.

==== Temporary flight restrictions ====
[[File:Flight restriction.gif|thumb|Example of a presidential TFR surrounding [[Charleston, South Carolina]]]]

The pertinent sections of the FAR (14 CFR Sections 91.137, 91.138, 91.139, 91.141, 91.143, 91.145, 99.7)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/22432 |title=FAA AC 91-63C – Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs/TFR) |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |website=FAA.gov |date=May 20, 2004 |access-date=September 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/notams_tfr/media/tfrweb.pdf | title=TFR: Airspace Obstacles and TFR Trivia. A Pilot's Guide to Understanding Restrictions in Today's National Airspace System | first=Michael W. | last=Brown | date=November–December 2003 | access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref> describe '''temporary flight restrictions''' ('''TFR'''). A TFR is a geographically-limited, short-term, airspace restriction, typically in the [[United States]]. Temporary flight restrictions often encompass major sporting events, natural disaster areas, air shows, space launches, and [[President of the United States|Presidential]] movements. Before the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], most TFRs were in the interest of safety to flying aircraft with occasional small restrictions for Presidential movements. Since 9/11, TFRs have been routinely used to restrict airspace for 30 nautical miles around the President, with a {{convert|10|nmi|km|1|adj=on}} radius [[no-fly zone]] for non-scheduled flights. They are also available to other high-profile figures such as presidential and vice-presidential candidates (though not all do so, as Senator [[John Kerry]], who did not ask for any TFR during the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 election]]).<ref>{{cite web
  | title = No TFRs for Kerry campaign
  | publisher = Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Online
  | date = August 3, 2004
| url = http://www.aopa.org/whatsnew/newsitems/2004/040803kerry.html
  | access-date = August 23, 2008
| url-status = dead
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202075816/http://www.aopa.org/whatsnew/newsitems/2004/040803kerry.html
  | archive-date = December 2, 2008
}}</ref>

TFRs are deeply unpopular with pilots in the [[general aviation]] sector. Presidential TFRs are nearly 70 miles in diameter, and frequently close off not only the airport [[Air Force One]] is using but nearby airports as well. Others, including the [[Transportation Security Administration]], argue that they are necessary for national security.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Thurber
  | first = Matt
  | title = Meet Big Brother
  | work = Aviation Maintenance
  | publisher = Access Intelligence, LLC
  | date = February 1, 2003
| url = http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/columns/notebook/27.html
  | access-date = August 23, 2008
| archive-date = August 8, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080808120815/http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/columns/notebook/27.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref> TFRs can also be instituted for special military operations, such as with the [[2023 Chinese balloon incident]], where the FAA put into place one of the largest airspace restrictions in U.S. history, with an area approximately twice the size of Massachusetts and more than five times the restricted airspace surrounding Washington, D.C.<ref name="Largest TFRs">{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Mattingly |first2=Phil |last3=Bertrand |first3=Natasha |last4=Muntean |first4=Pete |last5=Liebermann |first5=Oren |title=Inside Biden's decision to 'take care of' the Chinese spy balloon that triggered a diplomatic crisis |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/04/politics/china-spy-balloon-tick-tock/index.html |access-date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206004130/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/04/politics/china-spy-balloon-tick-tock/index.html |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The responsibility for screening requests for TFR and for subsequent granting or denying them, lies with the FAA's Office of System Operations Security.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2011/media/MayJun2011.pdf | title=We're on a Mission: Taking the Mystery Out of Temporary Flight Restrictions | author=James Williams | issue=May/June 2011 | journal=FAA Safety Briefing | publisher=[[FAA]] | pages=16–18 | access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref>

==== Two-way radio communications failure ====

'''Section 91.185''' of the Federal Aviation Restrictions deals with loss of [[radio communications]] while in [[flight]].
If a loss of radio communications were to be encountered during [[visual flight rules|VFR]] conditions, or if VFR conditions are encountered after loss of communication with the ground and other aircraft, the pilot of the aircraft shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable.
If, however, the failure occurs in [[instrument flight rules|IFR]] conditions and/or the VFR conditions are not forthcoming, the pilot should continue under the following conditions:
:* '''Route''' – The pilot will follow:
::* The route assigned in the last contact with [[air traffic control|ATC]] before loss of communication, or, if being [[radar]] vectored, continue direct to the radar fix specified in the vector clearance;
::* In the absence of an assigned route, the pilot will follow the route advised by ATC;
::* In the absence of an ATC assigned or advised route, the pilot will follow the route set down in the flight plan.

:* '''Altitude''' – The pilot will continue at the highest of the following altitudes or flight levels:
::* The altitude assigned in the last contact with ATC before loss of communication;
::* The minimum altitude for IFR operations;
::* The altitude advised by ATC to be expected in a further clearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part91-185-FAR.shtml |title=Federal Aviation Regulation Sec. 91.185 – IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure. |publisher=Risingup.com |access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref>