Editing Europa (moon) (section)

=====Tidal flexing=====
Tidal flexing kneads Europa's interior and ice shell, which becomes a source of heat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/energy.cfm |title=Europa: Energy |work=NASA |date=2012 |access-date=18 April 2016 |quote=Tidal flexing of the ice shell could create slightly warmer pockets of ice that rise slowly upward to the surface, carrying material from the ocean below. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428191605/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/energy.cfm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Depending on the amount of tilt, the heat generated by the ocean flow could be 100 to thousands of times greater than the heat generated by the flexing of Europa's rocky core in response to the gravitational pull from Jupiter and the other moons circling that planet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tyler |first=Robert |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081212092056.htm |title=Jupiter's Moon Europa Does The Wave To Generate Heat |work=University of Washington |publisher=Science Daily |date=15 December 2008 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514044845/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081212092056.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Europa's seafloor could be heated by the moon's constant flexing, driving hydrothermal activity similar to undersea volcanoes in Earth's oceans.<ref name="Europa FAQ 2012"/>

Experiments and ice modeling published in 2016, indicate that tidal flexing dissipation can generate one order of magnitude more heat in Europa's ice than scientists had previously assumed.<ref name="Stacey 2016">{{cite news |last=Stacey |first=Kevin |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/04/europa |title=Europa's heaving ice might make more heat than scientists thought |work=Brown University |date=14 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421003232/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/04/europa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McCarthy 2016">{{cite journal |title=Tidal dissipation in creeping ice and the thermal evolution of Europa |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=1 June 2016 |last1=McCarthy |first1=Christine |last2=Cooper |first2=Reid F. |volume=443 |pages=185–194 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.006 |bibcode = 2016E&PSL.443..185M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Their results indicate that most of the heat generated by the ice actually comes from the ice's [[Crystal structure|crystalline structure]] (lattice) as a result of deformation, and not friction between the ice grains.<ref name="Stacey 2016"/><ref name="McCarthy 2016"/> The greater the deformation of the ice sheet, the more heat is generated.