Editing Erasmus (section)

====Flanders and Brabant====
{{Side box |metadata=No
 | above = '''Burgundy/Louvain circle''' 
 | text = {{hlist|class=inline|[[Adrian of Utrecht]]|[[Pieter Gillis]]|[[Martinus Dorpius|Martin Dorp]]|[[Hieronymus van Busleyden]]|[[Albrecht Dürer]]|[[Dirk Martens]]|[[Nicolas Cleynaerts]]|[[Cornelius Grapheus]]|Jan van Borssele|Jean de Neve|[[Richard Sampson]]|[http://dantiscus.ibi.uw.edu.pl/?f=personDetails&person=163 Mark Laurijn]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bruges Friends |journal=Humanistica Lovaniensia |date=1961 |volume=16 |pages=85–428 |jstor=23973159 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23973159 |issn=0774-2908}}</ref>}}<br />
''Opponents'': {{hlist|class=inline|[[Jacobs Latomus]]|[[Edward Lee (bishop)|Edward Lee]]|[[Ulrich von Hutten]]|{{ill|Nicolaas Baechem|nl}} (Egmondanus)}}<br />
''Patrons'': [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]
}}

His residence at Leuven, where he lectured at the [[Old University of Leuven|University]], exposed Erasmus to much criticism from those ascetics, academics and clerics hostile to the principles of [[Ad fontes#Counter views|literary]] and religious reform to which he was devoting his life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rummel |first1=Erika |title=Erasmus and the Louvain Theologians – a Strategy of Defense |journal=Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History |date=1990 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |doi=10.1163/002820390X00024 |jstor=24009249  |issn=0028-2030}}</ref> In 1514, ''en route'' to Basel, he made the acquaintance of [[Hermannus Buschius]], [[Ulrich von Hutten]] and [[Johann Reuchlin]] who introduced him to the Hebrew language in Mainz.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Seidel Menchi |editor-first=S. |title=Opera Omnia Desiderii Erasmi – Erasmus, Opera Omnia |url=https://brill.com/display/serial/ASD |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Brill |pages=50–51 |language=en}}</ref> In 1514, he suffered a fall from his horse and injured his back.

[[File:Quinten Massijs - Portret van Peter Gilles.JPG|thumb|[[Quinten Matsys]] – Portrait of Peter Gillis or Gilles (1517), half of a diptych with a portrait of Erasmus below, painted as a gift from them for [[Thomas More]].<ref name=kaminska />]]
Erasmus may have made several other short visits to England or English territory while living in Brabant.<ref name=circle/> Happily for Erasmus, More and Tunstall were posted in Brussels or Antwerp on government missions around 1516, More for six months, Tunstall for longer. Their circle include [[Pieter Gillis]] of Antwerp, in whose house [[Thomas More]]'s wrote [[Utopia (More book)|''Utopia'']] (1516) with Erasmus' encouragement,{{refn|group=note|Historians have speculated that Erasmus passed on to More an early version of [[Bartholome de las Casas]]' {{lang|la|Memoria}} which More used for ''Utopia'', due to 33 specific similarities of ideas, and that the fictional character Raphael Hythloday is de las Casas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varacalli |first1=Thomas |title=The Thomism of Bartolomé de Las Casas and the Indians of the New World |journal=LSU Doctoral Dissertations |date=1 January 2016 |doi=10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1664 |url=https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1664 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112041335/https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1664/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|45}} Coincidentally, de las Casas' nemesis [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda|Sepúlveda]], arguing for the natural slavery of American Indians, had previously been Erasmus' opponent as well, initially supporting the anti-decadence of Erasmus' ''Ciceronians'' but then finding heresy in his translations and works. Another theory is that Raphael Hythloday is Erasmus himself.<ref name=maarten>{{cite journal |last1=Vermeir |first1=Maarten M. K. |title=Brabantia: decoding the main characters of Utopia |journal=Moreana |date=June 2012 |volume=49 (Number 187- |issue=1–2 |pages=151–182 |doi=10.3366/more.2012.49.1-2.9}}</ref>}} Erasmus editing and perhaps even contributing fragments.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal |last1=Dungen |first1=Peter van den |title=Erasmus: The 16th Century's Pioneer of Peace Education and a Culture of Peace |journal=Journal of East Asia and International Law |date=30 November 2009 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=5 |doi=10.14330/jeail.2009.2.2.05 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291216079 |access-date=28 July 2023|hdl=10454/5003 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> His old Cambridge friend [[Richard Sampson]] was [[vicar general]] running the nearby [[diocese of Tournai]], recently under [[Battle of the Spurs|English control]] and governed by his former pupil [[William Blount]].<ref>{{cite web |title=William Blount (4º B. Mountjoy) |url=http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/WilliamBlount(4BMountjoy).htm |website=Tudor Place}}</ref>

In 1516, Erasmus accepted an honorary position as a Councillor to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] with an annuity of 200 guilders (over US$100,000{{cn|date=May 2025}}), rarely paid,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Landtsheer |first1=Jeanine |title=On Good Government: Erasmus's Institutio Principis Christiani versus Lipsius's Politica |journal=The Reception of Erasmus in the Early Modern Period |date=1 January 2013 |pages=179–208 |doi=10.1163/9789004255630_009|isbn=978-90-04-25563-0 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/418743 }}</ref> and tutored Charles' brother, the teenage future Holy Roman Emperor [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand of Hapsburg]].

In 1516, Erasmus published the first edition of his scholarly Latin-Greek [[Novum Instrumentum omne|New Testament]] with annotations, his complete works of Jerome, and ''[[The Education of a Christian Prince]]'' ({{lang|la|Institutio principis Christiani}}) for Charles and Ferdinand.

In 1517, he supported the foundation at the university of the [[Collegium Trilingue]] for the study of [[Hebrew]], Latin, and Greek<ref name=tracy_low/>{{rp|s1.14.14}}—after the model of [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros|Cisneros]]' College of the Three Languages at the [[Complutense University of Madrid#History|University of Alcalá]]—financed by his late friend [[Hieronymus van Busleyden]]'s will.<ref>{{cite web |title=500 years Collegium Trilingue |url=https://expo.bib.kuleuven.be/exhibits/show/500-years-collegium-trilingue/formation-of-the-collegium-tri |website=expo.bib.kuleuven.be |language=en}}</ref> On being asked by [[Jean Le Sauvage]], former Chancellor of Brabant and now Chancellor of Burgundy, Erasmus wrote ''[[Works of Erasmus#The Complaint of Peace (1517)|The Complaint of Peace]]''. 

In 1517, his great friend Ammonio died in England of the [[Sweating Sickness]]. In 1518, Erasmus was diagnosed with [[Bubonic plague|the plague]]; despite the danger, he was taken in and cared for in the home of his Flemish friend and publisher [[Dirk Martens]] in [[Antwerp]] for a month and recovered.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feys |first1=Xander |title=Mourning an Oenophile: A Forgotten Mock Epitaph for Dirk Martens by Erasmus |journal=Erasmus Studies |date=6 March 2024 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=103–113 |doi=10.1163/18749275-04401001}}</ref>

By 1518, he reported to [[Paulus Bombasius]] that his income was over 300 ducats{{refn|group=note|Italian gold [[florin]]s and Venetian gold [[ducat]]s, Dutch silver [[Dutch guilder#1500–1560: Spanish Netherlands|guilder]]s had similar values. However, there is no single modern equivalent exchange rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of the Pound |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/ }}</ref>}} per year (over US$150,000) without including patronage.<ref name=letters594/>{{rp|350}} By 1522 he reported his annual income as 400 gold florins<ref name=ron2/>{{rp|50}} (over US$200,000{{cn|date=May 2025}}).

[[File:British - Field of the Cloth of Gold - Google Art Project.jpg|centre|thumb|upright=2.2|The [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]], showing King [[Henry VIII]] arriving at left. The figure on horseback with raised sword ahead of Henry VIII is [[Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset]], a former pupil of Erasmus.]]
In 1520 he was present at the [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]] with [[Guillaume Budé]], probably his last meetings with [[Thomas More#Personality according to Erasmus|Thomas More]]<ref name=soward>{{cite journal |last1=Sowards |first1=J. K. |title=Erasmus and the Education of Women |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |date=1982 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=77–89 |doi=10.2307/2540011 |jstor=2540011 |s2cid=166057335  |issn=0361-0160}}</ref> and [[William Warham]]. His friend [[Richard Pace]] gave the main sermon to the kings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520 |url=https://www.thebritishmonarchy.co.uk/post/field-of-the-cloth-of-gold-1520 |website=The British Monarchy |language=en |date=25 March 2024}}</ref> His friends and former students and old correspondents were the incoming political elite, and he had risen with them.<ref group=note name=kings>By 1524, his disciples included, in his words, "the (Holy Roman) Emperor, the Kings of England, France, and Denmark, Prince Ferdinand of Germany, the Cardinal of England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and more princes, more bishops, more learned and honourable men than I can name, not only in England, Flanders, France, and Germany, but even in Poland and Hungary..." quoted in {{cite web |last1=Trevor-Roper |first1=Hugh |title=Erasmus |url=https://www.pro-europa.eu/europe/trevor-roper-hugh-erasmus/ |website=Pro Europa |date=30 July 2020 |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081301/https://www.pro-europa.eu/europe/trevor-roper-hugh-erasmus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He stayed in various locations including Anderlecht (near Brussels) in the summer of 1521.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erasmus House, Anderlecht |date=14 February 2016 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-erasmus-house-a-historical-cultural-complex-not-to-be-missed/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162903/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-erasmus-house-a-historical-cultural-complex-not-to-be-missed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>