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==Antibiotic resistance== {{Main|Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae}} Several Enterobacteriaceae strains have been isolated which are [[Antimicrobial resistance|resistant to antibiotics]] including [[carbapenems]], which are often claimed as "the last line of antibiotic defense" against resistant organisms. For instance, some ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'' strains are carbapenem resistant.<ref>{{cite web | title=Klebsiella pneumoniae in Healthcare Settings - HAI | website=CDC | date=17 May 2019 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/klebsiella/klebsiella.html | access-date=6 April 2022|quote=Increasingly, Klebsiella bacteria have developed [[antimicrobial resistance]], most recently to the class of antibiotics known as carbapenems.}}</ref> Various carbapenemases genes (blaOXA-48, blaKPC and blaNDM-1, blaVIM and blaIMP) have been identified in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae including ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Klebsiella pneumoniae''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ghaith|first1=Doaa M.|last2=Mohamed|first2=Zeinat K.|last3=Farahat|first3=Mohamed G.|last4=Aboulkasem Shahin|first4=Walaa|last5=Mohamed|first5=Hadeel O.|date=March 2019|title=Colonization of intestinal microbiota with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric intensive care units in Cairo, Egypt|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S168719791930005X|journal=Arab Journal of Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=19β22|doi=10.1016/j.ajg.2019.01.002|pmid=30733176|s2cid=73444389}}</ref>
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