Editing Electric boat (section)

==Types==
There are as many types of electric boat as there are boats with any other method of propulsion, but some types are significant for various reasons.
[[File:Untersee-RA66 Helio.jpg|thumb|''RA66 Helio'' is a solar-powered 20&nbsp;m [[catamaran]] cruising on the ''Untersee'', a part of [[Lake Constance]]. It is based in [[Radolfzell]], [[Germany]].]]

* Historical and restored electric boats, such as the Mary Gordon Electric Boat, exist and are often important projects for those involved.
[[File:"e-Tolly" a 1973 Tollycraft Electric Retrofit.jpg|thumb|An example of an old idea re-birthed. In 2014, the first electric retrofit of its kind was performed on a 1973 Tollycraft 30' Sedan Cruiser. The vessel was originally powered by two (2) Chrysler 318 V8's accompanied by two (2) 80 gallon fuel tanks. The conversion took place in Vancouver, Canada and the vessel (e-Tolly) is now powered by two 9&nbsp;kW LMC motors with energy supplied by 16 Interstate deep-cycle 6 -volt batteries. Maximum Endurance 13&nbsp;h. Maximum Speed 10 knots.]]

* Range anxiety is a common concern for those considering electric propulsion on a boat. In 2018, the crew of Rigging Doctor on board Wisdom crossed the Atlantic Ocean with an electric motor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/howard/ph-ho-cf-sailing-dentist-0824-20170824-story.html|title=Husband, wife to sail Atlantic during yearlong voyage|website=The Baltimore Sun|date=24 August 2017 |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Sailboat Wisdom.jpg|thumb|Sailboat Wisdom on her voyage across oceans with an electric motor]]
* Canal, river and lake boats. Electric boats, with their limited range and performance, have tended to be used mostly on inland waterways, where their complete lack of local pollution is a significant advantage. Electric drives are also available as auxiliary propulsion for sailing yachts on inland waters.
* Electric outboards and trolling motors have been available for some years at prices from about $100 (US) up to several thousand. These require external batteries in the bottom of the boat, but are otherwise practical one-piece items. Most available electric outboards are not as efficient as custom drives, but are optimised for their intended use, e.g. for inland waterway fishermen. They are quiet and they do not pollute the water or the air, so they do not scare away or harm fish, birds and other wildlife. Combined with modern waterproof battery packs, electric outboards are also ideal for yacht tenders and other inshore pleasure boats.
* Electric [[personal watercraft]] have been invented but yet to be fully commercialized. These watercraft use a high powered internal battery systems that are waterproofed and propel the vessel at high speeds using a jet drive propulsion. The most first successful project of electric personal watercraft is by [[United States]] Company ELAQUA Marine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elaquamarine.com/|title=Home|website=Elaqua Marine|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref> 
* [[Cruising (maritime)|Cruising]] yachts usually have an auxiliary engine, and there are two main uses for it: One is to power ahead or motor-sail at sea when the wind is light or from the wrong direction. The other is to provide the last 10 minutes or so of propulsion when the boat is in port and needs to be manoeuvred into a tight berth in a crowded and confined marina or harbour. Electric propulsion is not suitable for prolonged cruising at full power although the power required to motor slowly in light airs and calm seas is small. Regarding the second case, electric drives are ideally suited as they can be finely controlled and can provide substantial power for short periods of time.
[[File:Ferry_Ampere_Sognefjord.jpg|thumb|{{MV|Ampere}}, battery–electric ferry in regular operation in Norway]]
{{external media|title=Official videos for Ampere|video1={{youTube|a6Lp-qV9ZJU|Video}} |video2={{youTube|xN-p67JOpdQ|by NorLed}} |video3={{youTube|epOAE8pudsg|Charging and suction docking}} }}
* Commercial [[ferry|ferries]]:
:Norway's <!--Siemens says World's--> first battery–electric ferry is {{MV|Ampere}},<ref>Stensvold, Tore. "[http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/03/20/denne-fergen-er-revolusjonerende.-men-passasjerene-merker-det-knapt Denne fergen er revolusjonerende. Men passasjerene merker det knapt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704005909/http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/03/20/denne-fergen-er-revolusjonerende.-men-passasjerene-merker-det-knapt |date=4 July 2015 }}" ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', 20 March 2015.</ref><ref>Stensvold, Tore. "[http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/05/13/na-lader-batterifergen-mer-enn-hun-trenger Nå lader batterifergen mer enn hun trenger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716054817/http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/05/13/na-lader-batterifergen-mer-enn-hun-trenger |date=16 July 2015 }}" ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', 13 May 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/mobility-and-motors/electromobility-electric-ferries.html Setting a Course for Carbon-Free Shipping] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141030073223/http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/mobility-and-motors/electromobility-electric-ferries.html 2014 archive]. {{youTube|a6Lp-qV9ZJU|Video}}</ref> with capacity for 120 cars and 12 trucks. {{as of|November 2016}}, it has operated for 106,000&nbsp;km. Its battery holds 1 [[MWh]] of energy, but the 9-minute charge time is sometimes not enough, and more battery capacity is to be installed. Norway has scheduled several other [[electric ferry]] projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterifergen-har-mattet-sta-over-avganger-na-er-losningen-klar/364633|title=Batterifergen har måttet stå over avganger. Nå er løsningen klar|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=18 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118232511/http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterifergen-har-mattet-sta-over-avganger-na-er-losningen-klar/364633|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on operational data, [[Siemens]] concludes in a [[life cycle analysis]] that 61 of Norway's 112 diesel ferry routes could be replaced by electric ferries with a payback time of 5 years. The analysis includes auxiliary costs such as chargers, grid, and so on.<ref>Stensvold, Tore. "[http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/08/14/siemens-lonnsomt-a-bytte-ut-70-prosent-av-fergene-med-batteri--eller-hybridferger Lønnsomt å bytte ut 70 prosent av fergene med batteri- eller hybridferger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105150735/http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/08/14/siemens-lonnsomt-a-bytte-ut-70-prosent-av-fergene-med-batteri--eller-hybridferger |date=5 January 2016 }}" ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', 14. August 2015. [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tu.no%2Findustri%2F2015%2F08%2F14%2Fsiemens-lonnsomt-a-bytte-ut-70-prosent-av-fergene-med-batteri--eller-hybridferger&edit-text= In English]</ref>

:In Finland ''[[Föri]]'', the historic [[Turku]] city ferry across the [[Aura (Archipelago Sea)|Aura River]] to Abo, was converted to all-electric propulsion in April 2017. The vessel was introduced as a wood-burning steam ferry in 1904, converted to diesel operation in 1955 and now provides a continuous daily service from 0615 to late evening for foot and cycle passengers on battery power. Charging takes place at night.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Historic Turku ferry converted to all-electric operation|journal=Marine Log|date=28 April 2017|url=http://www.marinelog.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=25874:historic-turku-ferry-converted-to-all-electric-operation&Itemid=230|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc.|location=New York|issn=2166-210X}}</ref>

:Other projects are considered in Canada, Sweden and Denmark.<ref>[https://vancouversun.com/business/energy/Electric+ferry+jolts+discussion+over+powering+ships/10861869/story.html Electric ferry jolts discussion over powering ships in B.C.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716142833/http://www.vancouversun.com/business/energy/Electric+ferry+jolts+discussion+over+powering+ships/10861869/story.html |date=16 July 2015 }} ''Vancouver Sun''</ref><ref>[http://www.gizmag.com/sweden-movitz-supercharged-electric-ferry/31847/ Sweden launches world's first quick-charging electric passenger ferry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905103201/http://www.gizmag.com/sweden-movitz-supercharged-electric-ferry/31847/ |date=5 September 2015 }} ''GizMag''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iims.org.uk/electric-drive-train-by-visedo-to-equip-worlds-largest-electric-ferry/ |title=Electric drive train by Visedo to equip world's largest electric ferry |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105201/http://www.iims.org.uk/electric-drive-train-by-visedo-to-equip-worlds-largest-electric-ferry/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

:[[India's First Solar Ferry]], a 75-passenger boat, that is powered by sun and grid charging with lithium batteries, began service in 2017.<ref name="TheBetterIndia">{{Cite web|date=11 May 2016|title=Kerala Govt. Commissions India's First Solar-Powered Boat, Paves the Way for a Greener Tomorrow|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/55045/india-s-first-solar-powered-ferry-kerala/|access-date=24 May 2016|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> Based on the predictions of consumption the payback time is 3 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/indias-first-solar-ferry-for-alappuzha/article8307233.ece|title=India's first solar ferry for Alappuzha|date=2016-03-03|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/55045/india-s-first-solar-powered-ferry-kerala/|title=Kerala Govt. Commissions India's First Solar-Powered Boat, Paves the Way for a Greener Tomorrow|date=2016-05-11|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526201140/http://www.thebetterindia.com/55045/india-s-first-solar-powered-ferry-kerala/|archive-date=26 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

:Some ferries can charge their onboard batteries while docked by using a [[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stemmann.com/en/products/charging_systems/ferrycharger |title=FerryCHARGER |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310033959/http://stemmann.com/en/products/charging_systems/ferrycharger |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

:On the other hand, ferries can include, sometimes free, [[charging point]]s for the passengers' transported [[electric bicycle]], [[electric motorcycle]]s and [[electric car]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-news-and-events/electric-car-press-releases/electric-car-charging-on-irish-ferries-routes.jsp |title=Electric car charging on Irish Ferries routes |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120064733/http://www.esb.ie/electric-cars/electric-car-news-and-events/electric-car-press-releases/electric-car-charging-on-irish-ferries-routes.jsp |archive-date=20 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stenaline.nl/en-GB-nl/FAQ/onboard-the-ships/charging-point-electric-car |title=Can I Charge My Electric Car Onboard? |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824135122/https://www.stenaline.nl/en-GB-nl/FAQ/onboard-the-ships/charging-point-electric-car |archive-date=24 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Hybrid ferry|Diesel–electric hybrid]]: There is a third potential use for a diesel auxiliary and that is to charge the batteries, when they suddenly start to wane far from shore in the middle of the night, or at anchor after some days of living aboard. In this case, where this kind of use is to be expected, perhaps on a larger cruising yacht, then a combined diesel–electric solution may be designed from the start. The diesel engine is installed with the prime purpose of charging the battery banks, and the electric motor with that of propulsion. There is some reduction in efficiency if motoring for long distances as the diesel's power is converted first to electricity and then to motion, but there is a balancing saving every time the wind-, sail- and solar-charged batteries are used for manoeuvring and for short journeys without starting the diesel. There is the flexibility of being able to start the diesel as a pure generator whenever required. The main losses are in weight and installation cost, but on the bigger cruising boats that may sit at anchor running large diesels for hours every day, these are not too big an issue, compared to the savings that can be made at other times. An example is the fishing boat Selfa El-Max 1099,<ref>Valle, Marius. Or the Nova Luxe re-fit on an Aquila 44. https://www.novaluxeyachts.com/electric-projects?lightbox=dataItem-jww6lc4j "[http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/07/31/dette-er-norges-forste-fiskebat-med-elmotor Dette er Norges første fiskebåt med elmotor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816041424/http://www.tu.no/industri/2015/07/31/dette-er-norges-forste-fiskebat-med-elmotor |date=16 August 2015 }}" ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', 31 July 2015.</ref> with 135&nbsp;kWh battery and 80&nbsp;kW diesel generator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterifiskebaten-karoline-ett-ar-uten-driftsavbrudd/350538|title=Batterifiskebåten Karoline: Ett år uten driftsavbrudd|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=22 August 2016|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823010412/http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterifiskebaten-karoline-ett-ar-uten-driftsavbrudd/350538|archive-date=23 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]]-powered [[Platform supply vessel|supply vessel]] started operation in 2016 with a 653&nbsp;kWh/1600&nbsp;kW battery acting as [[Operating reserve|spinning reserve]] during [[dynamic positioning]], saving 15-30% fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/forste-i-verden-her-skal-batterier-erstatte-motor-i-kritiske-situasjoner/359157|title=Første i verden: Her skal batterier erstatte motor i kritiske situasjoner|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=11 October 2016|access-date=11 October 2016|quote=batteripakken ombord på Viking Energy erstatter en hovedmotor som reserve (spinning reserve)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224857/http://www.tu.no/artikler/forste-i-verden-her-skal-batterier-erstatte-motor-i-kritiske-situasjoner/359157|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Solar powered: A boat propelled by direct solar energy is a marine [[solar vehicle]]. The available sunlight is almost always converted to electricity by solar cells, temporarily stored in accumulator batteries, and used to drive a propeller through an electric motor. Power levels are usually on the order of a few hundred watts to a few kilowatts. Solar powered boats started to become known around 1985 and in 1995 the first commercial solar passenger boats appeared.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umwelteinsatz.ch/IBS/solship2.html |title=Solarschiffe für die Expo? |publisher=Umwelteinsatz.ch |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009022633/http://www.umwelteinsatz.ch/IBS/solship2.html |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Solar powered boats have been used successfully at sea. The first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean was achieved in the winter of 2006/2007 by the solar catamaran [[Sun21]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transatlantic21.org |title=The world's first crossing of the Atlantic on a solar boat |publisher=transatlantic21 |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524054323/http://www.transatlantic21.org/ |archive-date=24 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/archive.cfm/pubDate={d%20'2006-12-06'}#10436 |title=EERE News: EERE Network News – 06 December 2006 |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |date=6 December 2006 |access-date=20 June 2009}}</ref> (see also [[List of solar-powered boats]])

===Wired electric boats===
[[Image:Strausberg Faehre Steffi.jpg|thumb|The electric ferry ''Steffi'' on the Straussee, 30&nbsp;km east of Berlin]]
[[Trolley boat]]s are a special category of electric boats are the vessels receiving their electrical power by wire. This may involve overhead wires, where one or two wires are fixed over the water and the boat can make contact with them to draw electric current, or a waterproof tether cable may be used to connect the boat to shore. In case of a single overhead wire the electrical circuit has to be closed by the water itself, giving rise to a larger resistance and corrosion of the electrodes. In case of two wires no electric current has to be sent through the water, but the twin wires, which cause a short-circuit whenever they come into contact with each other, complicate the construction.

Naturally the boat has to stay close to the wire, or its tether point, and therefore it is limited in its manoeuvrability. For ferries and on narrow canals this is no problem. The [[Straussee Ferry]] in Strausberg, Germany is an example. It crosses a lake along a 370&nbsp;m trajectory and is powered by 170&nbsp;V from a single overhead wire. The [[Kastellet ferry]] crosses a {{convert|200|m}} wide shipping channel in Sweden, using a submergible tethered supply cable which is lowered to the sea-bed when the ferry is docked at the opposite terminal to its tethering point.

In the {{Interlanguage link|Mauvages tunnel|fr|3=Tunnel de Mauvages}} on the [[Marne-Rhine Canal]] a bipolar overhead line provides 600&nbsp;V DC to an electrical tug, pulling itself and several ships through the 4877&nbsp;m tunnel along a submerged chain. This prevents the buildup of diesel exhaust fumes in the tunnel. Another example was the experimental {{Interlanguage link|electrical tug Teltow|de|3=Teltow (Schiff)}} on the Kleinmachnower See, 17&nbsp;km south-west of Berlin. It was used from 1903 until 1910 and had current collection poles based on those used by [[Trolleybus|trolley buses]].