Editing Edward VI (section)

==Northumberland's leadership==
[[File:John Dudley (Knole, Kent).jpg|thumb|alt=Miniature portrait of the Earl of Warwick, richly dressed in a slashed doublet with the Order of the Garter on a ribbon round his neck. He is a handsome man with dark eyes and dark goatee beard.|[[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, later 1st Duke of Northumberland]], led the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] after the downfall of Somerset.]]

In contrast, Somerset's successor, the Earl of Warwick, made [[Duke of Northumberland]] in 1551, was once regarded by historians merely as a grasping schemer who cynically elevated and enriched himself at the expense of the crown.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hoak|1980|pp=31–32}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=42}}.</ref> Since the 1970s, the administrative and economic achievements of his regime have been recognised, and he has been credited with restoring the royal council's authority and returning the government to an even keel after the disasters of Somerset's protectorate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alford|2002|p=25}}; {{Harvnb|Hoak|1980|pp=42, 51}}.</ref>

The Earl of Warwick's rival for leadership of the new regime was Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, whose conservative supporters had allied with Warwick's followers to create a unanimous council which they and observers, such as the [[Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]]'s ambassador, expected to reverse Somerset's policy of religious reform.{{Sfn|Loach|1999|p=92}} Warwick, on the other hand, pinned his hopes on the king's strong Protestantism and, claiming that Edward was old enough to rule in person, moved himself and his people closer to the king, taking control of the Privy Chamber.<ref name="Brigden 2000 p=193">{{Harvnb|Brigden|2000|p=193}}.</ref> Paget, accepting a barony, joined Warwick when he realised that a conservative policy would not bring the emperor onto the English side over Boulogne.{{Sfn|Elton|1977|p=351}} Southampton prepared a case for executing Somerset, aiming to discredit Warwick through Somerset's statements that he had done all with Warwick's co-operation. As a counter-move, Warwick convinced Parliament to free Somerset, which it did on 14 January 1550. Warwick then had Southampton and his followers purged from the council after winning the support of council members in return for titles, and was made [[Lord President of the Council]] and great master of the king's household.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guy|1988|p=213}}; {{Harvnb|Hoak|1980|pp=38–39}}. Hoak explains that the office of Lord President gave its holder the right to create and dismiss councillors, as well as to call and dissolve council meetings.</ref> Although not called a Protector, he was now clearly the head of the government.{{Sfn|Elton|1977|pp=350–352}}

As Edward grew up, he understood more and more government business. His actual involvement in decisions has long been a matter of debate, and during the 20th century, historians have presented the whole gamut of possibilities, "balanc[ing] an articulate puppet against a mature, precocious, and essentially adult king", in Stephen Alford's words.{{Sfn|Alford|2002|p=157}} A special "Counsel for the Estate" was created when Edward was fourteen. He chose the members himself.{{Sfn|Alford|2002|pp=162–165}} In the weekly meetings with this council, Edward was "to hear the debating of things of most importance".{{Sfn|Alford|2002|p=162}} A major point of contact with the king was the Privy Chamber, and there Edward worked closely with [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] and [[William Petre]], the [[Secretary of State (England)|principal secretaries]].{{Sfn|Alford|2002|pp=165–166}} The king's greatest influence was in matters of religion, where the council followed the strongly Protestant policy he favoured.{{Sfn|Elton|1977|pp=354, 371}}

The Duke of Northumberland's mode of operation was very different from Somerset's. Careful to make sure he always commanded a majority of councillors, he encouraged a working council and used it to legitimise his authority. Lacking Somerset's blood-relationship with the king, he added members to the council from his own faction in order to control it. He also added members of his family to the royal household.{{Sfn|Loach|1999|p=94}} He saw that to achieve personal dominance, he needed total procedural control of the council.{{Sfn|Hoak|1980|pp=36–37}} In the words of historian [[John Guy (historian)|John Guy]], "Like Somerset, he became quasi-king; the difference was that he managed the bureaucracy on the pretence that Edward had assumed full sovereignty, whereas Somerset had asserted the right to near-sovereignty as Protector".{{Sfn|Guy|1988|p=215}}

[[File:King Edward VI shilling.jpg|thumb|310px|left|[[Shilling (English coin)|Shilling]] with portrait of Edward VI, struck 1551–1553]]
Warwick's war policies were more pragmatic than Somerset's, and they have earned him criticism for weakness. In 1550, he signed a peace treaty with France that agreed to withdrawal from Boulogne and recalled all English garrisons from Scotland. In 1551, Edward was betrothed to [[Elisabeth of Valois]], [[Henry II of France|King Henry II]]'s daughter,<ref>{{Harvnb|Guy|1988|pp=218–219}}; {{Harvnb|Loach|1999|p=108}} Edward sent Elisabeth a "fair diamond" from Catherine Parr's collection.</ref> and was made a [[Knight of Saint Michael]].{{Sfn|Carroll|2009|p=55}} Warwick realised that England could no longer support the cost of wars.<ref>{{Harvnb|Loach|1999|p=113}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|2002|p=55}}.</ref> At home, he took measures to police local unrest. To forestall future rebellions, he kept permanent representatives of the crown in the localities, including [[lords lieutenant]], who commanded military forces and reported back to central government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Elton|1977|p=355}}; {{Harvnb|Loach|1999|p=105}}.</ref>

Working with [[William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester|William Paulet]] and [[Walter Mildmay]], Warwick tackled the disastrous state of the kingdom's finances.{{Sfn|Elton|1977|p=355}} His regime succumbed to the temptations of a quick profit by further [[debasing]] the coinage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Loach|1999|p=110}}; {{Harvnb|Hoak|1980|p=41}}.</ref> The resulting economic disaster caused Warwick to hand the initiative to the expert [[Thomas Gresham]]. By 1552, confidence in the coinage was restored, prices fell and trade at last improved. Though a full economic recovery was not achieved until Elizabeth's reign, its origins lay in the Duke of Northumberland's policies.{{Sfn|Elton|1977|p=356}} The regime also cracked down on widespread embezzlement of government finances and carried out a thorough review of revenue collection practices, which has been called "one of the more remarkable achievements of Tudor administration".{{Sfn|Elton|1977|pp=357–358}}