Editing Economy of the United Kingdom (section)

===Production industries===
====Electricity, gas and water====
{{Main|Energy in the United Kingdom}}
This sector added gross value of £51.4&nbsp;billion to the economy in 2018.<ref name="BB2020"/> The United Kingdom is expected to launch the building of new nuclear reactors to replace existing generators and to boost the UK's energy reserves.<ref>''Britain moves a step closer to building new nuclear reactors'', [[Financial Times]], 9 January 2008</ref>

====Manufacturing====
{{Main|Manufacturing in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 jet engine.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Rolls-Royce Trent 1000]] jet engine made in the UK]]
In the 1970s, manufacturing accounted for 25 per cent of the economy. Total employment in manufacturing fell from 7.1 million in 1979 to 4.5 million in 1992 and only 2.7 million in 2016, when it accounted for 10% of the economy.<ref>Chris Cook and John Stevenson, ''Longman companion to Britain since 1945'' (1996). pp 167–68.</ref><ref>"UK manufacturers provide a strong foundation for growth in the UK" [https://www.eef.org.uk/campaigning/campaigns-and-issues/manufacturing-facts-and-figures ''EEF'' (2017)]</ref>

In 2023, the manufacturing industry was worth £451.6 billion or $588 billion to the UK economy, according to the office of national statistics. 

Manufacturing has increased in 36 of the last 50 years and was twice in 2007 what it was in 1958.<ref>Hennik Research. [http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf ''Annual Manufacturing Report: 2017'' (Dec. 2016)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192050/http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref>

In 2011, the UK manufacturing sector generated approximately £140.5&nbsp;billion in gross value added and employed around 2.6&nbsp;million people.<ref name="ons.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa1-rd/united-kingdom-national-accounts/the-blue-book--2013-edition/index.html|title=Release: United Kingdom National Accounts, The Blue Book, 2013 Edition|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=31 July 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=bisdoc10a>{{cite web|url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/business-sectors/docs/m/10-1333-manufacturing-in-the-uk-an-economic-analysis-of-the-sector.pdf|title=Manufacturing in the UK: An economic analysis of the sector|access-date=25 April 2011|publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills }}</ref> Of the approximately £16&nbsp;billion invested in R&D by UK businesses in 2008, approximately £12&nbsp;billion was by manufacturing businesses.<ref name=bisdoc10a/> In 2008, the UK was the sixth-largest manufacturer in the world measured by value of output.<ref name=pwcmanufact>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.co.uk/pdf/UKmanufacturing_300309.pdf|title=The future of UK manufacturing: Reports of its death are greatly exaggerated|access-date=25 April 2011|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235843/http://www.pwc.co.uk/pdf/UKmanufacturing_300309.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, around 180,000 people in the UK were directly employed in the [[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|UK automotive manufacturing sector]].<ref name=facts2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.smmt.co.uk/downloads/MotorIndustryFacts.pdf |title=Motor Industry Facts 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |publisher=SMMT |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127180805/http://smmt.co.uk/downloads/MotorIndustryFacts.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2010 }}</ref> In that year the sector had a turnover of £52.5&nbsp;billion, generated £26.6&nbsp;billion of exports<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bizpages.org/countries--UK--United-Kingdom|title=United Kingdom Business Directory &#124; List of Companies|website=bizpages.org}}</ref> and produced around 1.45&nbsp;million passenger vehicles and 203,000 commercial vehicles.<ref name=facts2010/> The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing, and in 2008 around 3.16&nbsp;million engines were produced in the country.<ref name=facts2010/>

The [[aerospace industry of the UK]] is the second-largest aerospace industry in the world (after the United States) and the largest in Europe.<ref name=asd>{{cite web|url=http://www.asd-europe.org/site/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/ASD_Facts_And_Figures_2009.pdf |title=Facts & Figures – 2009 |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Aerospace & Defence Association of Europe |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224004749/http://www.asd-europe.org/site/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/ASD_Facts_And_Figures_2009.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name=ads>{{cite web|url=http://www.adsgroup.org.uk/community/dms/download.asp?txtPageLinkDocPK=23948|title=UK Aerospace Industry Survey – 2010|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher=ADS Group|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108105928/https://www.adsgroup.org.uk/community/dms/download.asp?txtPageLinkDocPK=23948|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20&nbsp;billion.<ref name=ukti>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukti.gov.uk/export/sectors/advancedengineering/aerospace.html|title=Aerospace|access-date=20 October 2010|publisher=UK Trade & Investment|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024134400/http://www.ukti.gov.uk/export/sectors/advancedengineering/aerospace.html|archive-date=24 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article5477974.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611235719/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article5477974.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2011| title=The Aerospace industry has thousands of jobs in peril|access-date=20 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Times]]| date=9 January 2009|location=London|first=David|last=Robertson}}</ref> British companies with a major presence in the industry include [[BAE Systems]] and [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] (the world's second-largest aircraft engine maker).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aLkb0kL1egto |title=Rolls-Royce Wins $2 Billion Air China, Ethiopian Airlines Deals| publisher=Bloomberg L.P.| access-date=8 September 2010|date=14 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=https://www.hithorizons.com/eu/analyses/country-statistics/united%20kingdom |title=Industry Breakdown of Companies in United Kingdom|website=HitHorizons}}</ref> European aerospace companies active in the UK include [[Airbus]], whose commercial aircraft, space, helicopter and defence divisions employ over 13,500 people across more than 25 UK sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airbus in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/uk.html|access-date=17 December 2019|publisher=Airbus}}</ref>

The [[Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom|pharmaceutical industry]] employs around 67,000 people in the UK and in 2007 contributed £8.4&nbsp;billion to the UK's [[GDP]] and invested a total of £3.9&nbsp;billion in [[research and development]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/health/article5594350.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009130612/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/health/article5594350.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2009|title=Gordon Brown plans tonic for pharmaceutical industry|access-date=27 October 2010|work=[[The Times]]|date=27 January 2009|location=London|first1=Tom|last1=Bawden|first2=David|last2=Rose}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The pharmaceutical industry and market in the UK|url=http://www.abpi.org.uk/industry-info/knowledge-hub/uk-economy/Pages/uk-industry-market.aspx|publisher=The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry|access-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214095518/http://www.abpi.org.uk/industry-info/knowledge-hub/uk-economy/Pages/uk-industry-market.aspx|archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> In 2007 exports of pharmaceutical products from the UK totalled £14.6&nbsp;billion, creating a trade surplus in pharmaceutical products of £4.3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abpi.org.uk/statistics/intro.asp |title=Facts & Statistics from the pharmaceutical industry |publisher=The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry |access-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918170615/http://www.abpi.org.uk/statistics/intro.asp |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> The UK is home to [[GlaxoSmithKline]] and [[AstraZeneca]], respectively the world's third- and seventh-largest pharmaceutical companies.<ref name=iht>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/worldbusiness/20iht-price.4663653.html|title=British regulator calls for drug pricing overhaul|access-date=27 October 2010|work=The New York Times|date=27 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/industries/21/index.html |title=Global 500 – Pharmaceuticals|access-date=27 October 2010|work=Fortune|date=20 July 2009}}</ref>

====Mining, quarrying and hydrocarbons====
{{Main|Mining in the United Kingdom|North Sea oil}}
The Blue Book 2013 reports that this sector added gross value of £31.4&nbsp;billion to the UK economy in 2011.<ref name="ons.gov.uk"/> In 2007, the UK had a total energy output of 9.5 quadrillion [[British thermal unit|Btus]] (10 exajoules), of which the composition was oil (38%), natural gas (36%), coal (13%), nuclear (11%) and other renewables (2%).<ref name=eiaoverview>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Profile.html |title=United Kingdom – Quick Facts Energy Overview |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918035823/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Profile.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, the UK produced 1.5&nbsp;million barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil and consumed 1.7&nbsp;million bbl/d.<ref name=eiaoil>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Oil.html |title=United Kingdom – Oil |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918000348/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Oil.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005.<ref name=eiaoil/> As of 2010 the UK has around 3.1&nbsp;billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the largest of any EU member state.<ref name=eiaoil/>

In 2009, the UK was the 13th largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU.<ref name=eiagas>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/NaturalGas.html |title=United Kingdom – Natural Gas |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918011149/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/NaturalGas.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref> Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.<ref name=eiagas/> In 2009 the UK produced 19.7&nbsp;million tons of coal and consumed 60.2&nbsp;million tons.<ref name=eiaoverview/> In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171&nbsp;million tons.<ref name=eiaoverview/> It has been estimated that identified onshore areas have the potential to produce between 7&nbsp;billion tonnes and 16&nbsp;billion tonnes of coal through [[Underground coal gasification|underground coal gasification (UCG)]].<ref name="Coal 2">{{cite web|title=Coal Reserves in the United Kingdom |author=The Coal Authority |url=http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf |access-date=23 September 2008 |publisher=The Coal Authority |year=2007 |work=Response to Energy Review |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910154814/http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 }}</ref> Based on current UK coal consumption, these volumes represent reserves that could last the UK between 200 and 400 years.<ref name="Coal 3">{{cite news|title=England Expert predicts 'coal revolution'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7046981.stm|access-date=23 September 2008|work=BBC News|date=16 October 2007}}</ref>

The UK is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the six oil and gas "[[supermajor]]s" – [[BP]] and [[Shell plc]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Let the battle begin over black gold|access-date=26 November 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph| date=24 October 2009|location=London|first=Rowena|last=Mason}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html|title=RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term|access-date=26 November 2010|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.| date=26 November 2010|first=Michael|last=Heath}}</ref> The UK is also rich in a number of natural resources, including coal, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead and silica.