Editing Eastern philosophy (section)

====Ājīvika====
[[Ājīvika]] was founded by [[Makkhali Gosala]], it was a [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]] and a major rival of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-625-5}}, p. 199</ref>

Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which polemically criticized the Ajivikas.<ref name="Basham, A.L. 1951">Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). Chapter 1. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). {{ISBN|81-208-1204-2}}. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.</ref> The Ājīvika school is known for its ''Niyati'' doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.<ref name="Basham, A.L. 1951"/><ref name="james22">James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, p. 22</ref> Ājīvika considered the [[karma]] doctrine as a fallacy.<ref name="philtarajiv">[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Ajivikas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212839/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html |date=17 July 2019 }} World Religions Project, [[University of Cumbria]], United Kingdom</ref> Ājīvikas were atheists<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-964465-0}}, p. 654</ref> and rejected the authority of the [[Vedas]], but they believed that in every living being is an ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'' – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.<ref>Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization, {{ISBN|978-1-899579-54-9}}, pp. 207–208</ref><ref>Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). pp. 240–261, 270–273. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). {{ISBN|81-208-1204-2}}. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.</ref>