Editing Dream (section)

== Images and literature ==
{{Main|Dream art}}
{{Further|Dream world (plot device)}}

Graphic artists, writers and filmmakers all have found dreams to offer a rich vein for creative expression. In the West, artists' depictions of dreams in Renaissance and Baroque art often were related to Biblical narrative. Especially preferred by visual artists were the [[Jacob's Ladder]] dream in Genesis and [[St. Joseph's dreams]] in the [[Gospel of Matthew|Gospel according to Matthew]].

<gallery>
File:Nicolas Dipre. Le songe de Jacob. c.1500 Avignon, Petit Palais..jpg|Nicolas Dipre. Le songe de Jacob. {{circa|1500}} Avignon, Petit Palais.
File:El sueño de Jacob, by José de Ribera, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|José de Ribera (1591–1652). El sueño de Jacob, from Prado in Google Earth
File:Loggia_di_raffaello_08.jpg|Raphael. Jacob's Dream (1518)
File:Rembrandt Dream of Joseph.jpg|Rembrandt. Dream of Joseph (1645)
File:Mengs, Traum des hl. Joseph.jpg|Anton Raphael Mengs. Traum des Hl. Joseph (1773 or 1774)
</gallery>

Many later graphic artists have depicted dreams, including Japanese [[Woodblock printing in Japan|woodblock]] artist [[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife|Hokusai]] (1760–1849) and Western European painters [[The Dream (Rousseau painting)|Rousseau]] (1844–1910), [[Le Rêve (Picasso)|Picasso]] (1881–1973), and [[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening|Dalí]] (1904–1989).

In literature, dream frames were frequently used in medieval allegory to justify the narrative; ''[[The Book of the Duchess]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/BD.html |title=The book of the duchess|publisher=Washington State University |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114035012/http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/BD.html |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> and ''The Vision Concerning [[Piers Plowman]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/langland.html |title=William Langland's The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman |publisher=The History Guide |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164224/http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/langland.html |archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> are two such [[dream vision]]s. Even before them, in antiquity, the same device had been used by [[Cicero]] and [[Lucian of Samosata]].

[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 24.png|thumb|''The cheshire cat'', [[John Tenniel]] (1820–1914), illustration in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', 1866 edition]]

Dreams have also featured in [[fantasy]] and [[speculative fiction]] since the 19th century. One of the best-known dream worlds is [[Wonderland (fictional country)|Wonderland]] from [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', as well as [[Looking-Glass Land]] from its sequel, ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''. Unlike many dream worlds, Carroll's logic is like that of actual dreams, with transitions and flexible causality.

Other fictional dream worlds include the [[Dreamlands]] of [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s ''[[Dream Cycle]]''<ref>{{cite book |last=Lovecraft |first=Howard Phillips |title=The Dream Cycle of H. P. Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death |year=1995 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-38421-8 |url=http://www.google.com/products/catalog?qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADFA_enUS369US375&ion=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1366&bih=564&wrapid=tlif133790017967410&q=h.p.+lovecraft+dream+cycle&um=1&tbm=shop&cid=7042018729009712854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903092316/http://www.google.com/products/catalog?qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADFA_enUS369US375&ion=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1366&bih=564&wrapid=tlif133790017967410&q=h.p.+lovecraft+dream+cycle&um=1&tbm=shop&cid=7042018729009712854 |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> and ''[[The Neverending Story]]''{{'}}s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neverendingstory.com/ |title=The Neverending Story – Book – Pictures – Video – Icons |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601055446/http://www.neverendingstory.com/ |archive-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> world of Fantastica, which includes places like the Desert of Lost Dreams, the Sea of Possibilities and the Swamps of Sadness. Dreamworlds, shared hallucinations and other alternate realities feature in a number of works by [[Philip K. Dick]], such as ''[[The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch]]'' and ''[[Ubik]]''. Similar themes were explored by [[Jorge Luis Borges]], for instance in ''[[The Circular Ruins]]''.

Modern [[popular culture]] often conceives of dreams, as did Freud, as expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.<ref name="Van Riper 56">{{cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. Bowdoin |title=Science in popular culture: a reference guide |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport |year=2002 |pages=56–57 |isbn=978-0-313-31822-1}}</ref> In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be blurred even more in service to the story.<ref name="Van Riper 57">Van Riper, op. cit., p. 57.</ref> Dreams may be psychically invaded or manipulated (''[[Dreamscape (1984 film)|Dreamscape]]'', 1984; the ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' films, 1984–2010; ''[[Inception]]'', 2010) or even come literally true (as in ''[[The Lathe of Heaven]]'', 1971).<ref name="Van Riper 56"/>