Editing Diaspora (section)

===World War II, colonialism, and post-colonialism===
As [[World War II]] (1939–1945) unfolded, [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] authorities [[The Holocaust|deported and killed millions of Jews]]; they also [[Holocaust victims|enslaved or murdered millions of other people]], including [[Romani people|Romani]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], and other [[Slavs]]. Some Jews fled from the persecution and moved to the unoccupied parts of Western Europe or they moved to the Americas before the borders of the Americas were closed. Later, other [[Eastern Europe]]an refugees moved west, away from Soviet expansion<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kirmus.ee/baltic_archives_abroad_2006/participants.html |title=An International Conference on the Baltic Archives Abroad |publisher=Kirmus.ee |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120213140758/http://www.kirmus.ee/baltic_archives_abroad_2006/participants.html |archive-date=13 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2023}} and from the [[Iron Curtain]] regimes established as World War II ended. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and [[displaced person]]s ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States of America.

After World War II, the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communism|communist]]-controlled Poland, [[Czechoslovakia]], Hungary and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expelled millions]] of [[ethnic Germans]], most of them were the descendants of immigrants who had settled in those areas centuries ago. This expulsion was allegedly carried out in reaction to Nazi Germany's invasions and [[Pan-Germanism|pan-German]] attempts to annex Eastern European territory.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Most of the refugees moved to the West, including western Europe, and with tens of thousands seeking refuge in the United States.

[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]
The [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]] was the post-[[World War II]] exodus and departure of local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) as well as ethnic [[Slovenes]], [[Croats]], and [[Istro-Romanians]] from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] territory of [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], the [[Julian March]] as well as [[Dalmatia]], towards [[Italy]], and in smaller numbers, towards the [[Americas]], [[Australia]], and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/giorno-ricordo-10-febbraio-2004-2014-dieci-anni-strage-foibe-eccidio-tito-comunisti-slavi-esodo-giuliano-dalmata-77ba65a1-a1e5-460e-bb57-946819b4b905.html|title=Il Giorno del Ricordo|date=10 February 2014 |access-date=16 October 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/lesodo-giuliano-dalmata-e-quegli-italiani-fuga-che-nacquero-1639585.html|title=L'esodo giuliano-dalmata e quegli italiani in fuga che nacquero due volte|date=5 February 2019 |access-date=24 January 2023|language=it}}</ref> These regions were ethnically mixed, with long-established historic Croatian, Italian, and Slovene communities. According to various sources, the exodus is estimated to have amounted to between 230,000 and 350,000 Italians (the others being ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians, who chose to maintain [[Italian citizenship]])<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url= http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> leaving the areas in the aftermath of the conflict.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11 |title=Istria |page=11 |first1=Thammy |last1=Evans |first2=Rudolf |last2=Abraham |date=2013 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841624457}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste |first=James M. |last=Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Hundreds or perhaps tens of thousands of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) were killed or summarily executed during [[World War II]] by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] and [[OZNA]] during the first years of the exodus, in what became known as the [[Foibe massacres|''foibe'' massacres]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Ota |editor1-last=Konrád |editor2-first=Boris |editor2-last=Barth |editor3-first=Jaromír |editor3-last=Mrňka |title=Collective Identities and Post-war Violence in Europe, 1944–48 |publisher=Springer International |date=2021 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xXRREAAAQBAJ&dq=foibe+massacres+istrian+dalmatian+italians&pg=PA20 |isbn=9783030783860 |page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Donald |last1=Bloxham |author1-link=Donald Bloxham |first2=Anthony |last2=Dirk Moses |author2-link=A. Dirk Moses |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-last=Bloxham |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Gerwarth |title=Political Violence in Twentieth-century Europe |chapter=Genocide and ethnic cleansing |page=125 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511793271.004 |isbn=9781107005037}}</ref> From 1947, after the war, Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were subject by Yugoslav authorities to less violent forms of intimidation, such as nationalization, expropriation, and discriminatory taxation,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JHnEI2m5tFIC&pg=PA309 |title=Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation|page=295 |first=Pamela |last=Ballinger |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822392361 |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> which gave them little option other than emigration.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ia-qdCeUaXIC&pg=PA136 |title=Ethnic Cleansing and the European Union |page=136 |isbn=9781137308771 |last=Tesser |first=Lynn |date=14 May 2013|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA103 |title=History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans |page=103 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691086974 |last1=Ballinger|first1=Pamela |date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133 |title=Refugees in the Age of Total War |pages=139, 143 |first=Anna C. |last=Bramwell |date=1988 |publisher=Unwin Hyman |isbn=9780044451945}}</ref> In 1953, there were 36,000 declared Italians in Yugoslavia, just about 16% of the original Italian population before World War II.<ref>{{cite web |first=Matjaž |last=Klemenčič |title=The Effects of the Dissolution of Yugoslavia on Minority Rights: the Italian Minority in Post-Yugoslav Slovenia and Croatia |url= http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111950/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> According to the census organized in [[Croatia]] in 2001 and that organized in [[Slovenia]] in 2002, the Italians who remained in the former [[Yugoslavia]] amounted to 21,894 people (2,258 [[Italian language in Slovenia|in Slovenia]] and 19,636 [[Italians of Croatia|in Croatia]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html|title=Državni Zavod za Statistiku|language=hr|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stat.si/Popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7|title=Popis 2002|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

Spain sent many political activists into exile during the rule of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s military regime from 1936 until his death in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meyers|first=Kayla|title=What exhuming Francisco Franco's remains could mean for Spain|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/10/25/what-exhuming-francisco-francos-remains-could-mean-spain/}}</ref>

Prior to World War II and the re-establishment of Israel in 1948, a series of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s broke out in the [[Arab world]] and caused many to flee, mostly to Palestine/Israel. The [[1947–1949 Palestine war]] likewise saw at least 750,000 [[Palestinians]] expelled or forced to flee from the newly forming Israel.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090240955 |title=Social Justice and Israel/Palestine: Foundational and Contemporary Debates |editor1-first=Hahn Tapper |editor1-last=Aaron J. |editor2-last=Sucharov |editor2-first=Mira |date=24 June 2019 |isbn=9781487588069 |location=Toronto |oclc=1090240955}}</ref> Many Palestinians continue to live in refugee camps in the Middle East, while others have resettled in other countries.

The [[Partition of India|1947 Partition]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] resulted in the migration of millions of people between India, Pakistan, and present-day Bangladesh. Many were murdered in the religious violence of the period, with estimates of fatalities up to 2 million people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sikand |first1=Yoginder |title=Muslims in India Since 1947 |date=31 July 2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London and New York |isbn=9781134378258 |page=5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5aJi2loLcC |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> Thousands of former subjects of the [[British Raj]] went to the UK from the Indian subcontinent after India and Pakistan became independent in 1947.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

From the late 19th century, and formally from 1910, Japan made [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea a Japanese colony]]. Millions of Chinese fled to western provinces not occupied by Japan (that is, in particular, [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]] in the Southwest and [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]] in the Northwest) and to Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} More than 100,000 [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]] moved across the [[Amur River]] into the [[Russian Far East]] (and later into the Soviet Union) away from the Japanese.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Chong Jin|title=Diaspora nationalism: The case of ethnic Korea minority in Kazakhstan and its lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey|journal=Nationalities Papers|volume=34|issue=2|pages=111–129|doi=10.1080/00905990600617623 |date=2006 |s2cid=128636139}}</ref>