Editing Dhimmi (section)

==Relevant texts==

===Quranic verses as a basis for Islamic policies toward dhimmis===
Lewis states
* [[Al-Baqara 256]] "Let there be no compulsion in religion: ...",{{qref|2|256|s=y}} means non-Muslims should not be forced to adopt Islam<ref name="Lewis14">Lewis (1984) p. 13</ref> 
* The phrase "Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion.", from {{qref|109|6|c=y}} has been used as a "proof-text for pluralism and coexistence".<ref name="Lewis14" />
* {{qref|2|62|c=y}} has served to justify the tolerated position accorded to the followers of [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Sabianism]] under Muslim rule.<ref name="Lewis14" />

===Hadith===

A hadith by Muhammad, "Whoever killed a {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|muʿāhid}} (a person who is granted the pledge of protection by the Muslims) shall not smell the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be smelt at a distance of forty years (of traveling).",<ref>{{Bukhari|bukhari|6914|b=yl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Yaser|last1=Ellethy|date=2014|title=Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy: Classical and Modern Interpretations ''(Islamic Studies Series)''|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1138800304|pages=124–125}}</ref>  is cited as a foundation for the right of non-Muslim citizens to live peacefully and undisturbed in an [[Islamic state]].<ref name="Tahir-ul-Qadri1">{{cite book|first1=Muhammad|last1=Tahir-ul-Qadri|author-link=Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri|date=2011|title=Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings|pages=98–99|publisher=[[Minhaj-ul-Quran UK|London: Minhaj-ul-Quran]]|isbn=978-0-9551888-9-3|title-link=Fatwa on Terrorism}}</ref> Anwar Shah Kashmiri writes in his commentary on [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] ''Fayd al-Bari'' on this hadith: "You know the gravity of sin for killing a Muslim, for its odiousness has reached the point of disbelief, and it necessitates that [the killer abides in Hell] forever. As for killing a non-Muslim citizen [{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|muʿāhid}}], it is similarly no small matter, for the one who does it will not smell the fragrance of Paradise."<ref name="Tahir-ul-Qadri1"/>

A similar hadith in regard to the status of the dhimmis: "Whoever wrongs one with whom a compact (treaty) has been made ''[i.e., a dhimmi]'' and lays on him a burden beyond his strength, I will be his accuser."<ref>Majid Khadduri: ''War and Peace in the Law of Islam'', p. 175</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = al-Zuḥaylī | first = Wahbah | author-link = Wahbah al-Zuhayli | title = ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah | publisher = Dār al-Fikr | location = [[Damascus]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-57547-453-3 | page = 708 }} Quote: «» Translation:</ref>

===Constitution of Medina===

The [[Constitution of Medina]], a formal agreement between Muhammad and all the significant tribes and families of Medina (including Muslims, Jews and pagans), declared that non-Muslims in the [[Ummah]] had the following rights:<ref>Ahmed (1979), pp. 46–47.</ref>
# The security (''dhimma'') of God is equal for all groups,<ref>Article 15, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), pp. 46–47.</ref>
# Non-Muslim members have equal political and cultural rights as Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion.<ref>Article 25, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), pp. 46–47.</ref>
# Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the [[Ummah]] and share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two.<ref>Article 37, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), pp. 46–47.</ref>
# Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the Muslims.<ref>Article 45, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), pp. 46–47.</ref>

===Khaybar agreement===

A precedent for the dhimma contract was established with the agreement between Muhammad and the Jews after the [[Battle of Khaybar]], an oasis near [[Medina]]. [[Khaybar]] was the first territory attacked and conquered by Muslims. When the Jews of Khaybar surrendered to Muhammad after a siege, Muhammad allowed them to remain in Khaybar in return for handing over to the Muslims one half their annual produce.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis (1984), pp. 10–11</ref>

===Pact of Umar===
{{Main|Pact of Umar}}
The [[Pact of Umar]], traditionally believed to be between caliph [[Umar]] and the conquered Jerusalem Christians in the seventh century, was another source of regulations pertaining to dhimmis. However, Western [[orientalism|orientalists]] doubt the authenticity of the pact, arguing it is usually the victors and not the vanquished who impose rather than propose, the terms of peace, and that it is highly unlikely that the people who spoke no Arabic and knew nothing of Islam could draft such a document. Academic historians believe the Pact of Umar in the form it is known today was a product of later jurists who attributed it to Umar in order to lend greater authority to their own opinions. The similarities between the Pact of Umar and the [[Theodosian dynasty|Theodosian]] and [[Corpus Juris Civilis|Justinian Codes]] of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] suggest that perhaps much of the Pact of Umar was borrowed from these earlier codes by later Islamic jurists. At least some of the clauses of the pact mirror the measures first introduced by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Umar II]] or by the early [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphs.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 24–25.</ref>