Editing Cult film (section)

===Animation===
[[Animation]] can provide wide open vistas for stories. The French film ''[[Fantastic Planet]]'' (1973) explored ideas beyond the limits of traditional, live-action science fiction films.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yagoda|first=Ben|title='Light Years' Ahead Of The Pack Animation Brings Rene Laloux's Sci-fi Vision To Life|url=http://articles.philly.com/1988-04-04/news/26253782_1_rene-laloux-light-years-david-johansen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420060815/http://articles.philly.com/1988-04-04/news/26253782_1_rene-laloux-light-years-david-johansen|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 20, 2014|access-date=2013-08-01|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=1988-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.encyclopedie.films.bifi.fr/index.php?pk=49595&_ga=2.90020187.1732179032.1586614050-2130238164.1534788872|publisher=Bifi.fr|title=La Planète sauvage (1968) René Laloux|language=fr|access-date=April 11, 2020}}</ref> [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s career has been marked with controversy: ''[[Fritz the Cat (film)|Fritz the Cat]]'' (1972), the first animated film to be [[MPAA film rating system#X replaced by NC-17|rated "X" by the MPAA]], provoked outrage for its racial caricatures and graphic depictions of sex, and ''[[Coonskin (film)|Coonskin]]'' (1975) was decried as racist.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diamond|first=Jamie|title=Animation's Bad Boy Returns, Unrepentant|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/movies/film-animation-s-bad-boy-returns-unrepentant.html|access-date=2013-07-31|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1992-07-05}}</ref> Bakshi recalls that older animators had tired of "kid stuff" and desired edgier work, whereas younger animators hated his work for "destroying the Disney images". Eventually, his work would be reassessed and cult followings, which include [[Quentin Tarantino]] and [[Robert Rodriguez]], developed around several of his films.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huver|first=Scott|title=Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi Looks Back at His Cult Classic "Wizards"|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/Ralph-Bakshis-Animated-Look-Back-at-His-Classic-Film-Wizards-142502455.html|work=[[KNTV]]|publisher=[[NBCUniversal]]|access-date=2013-07-31|date=2012-05-30}}</ref> ''[[Heavy Metal (film)|Heavy Metal]]'' (1981) faced similar denunciations from critics. Donald Liebenson of the ''Los Angeles Times'' cites the violence and sexual imagery as alienating critics, who did not know what to make of the film. It would go on to become a popular midnight movie and frequently bootlegged by fans, as licensing issues kept it from being released on video for many years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liebenson|first=Donald|title=Cult Favorite 'Heavy Metal' Once Again Making Noise|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-09-ca-44792-story.html|access-date=2013-07-31|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1996-03-09}}</ref>

Phil Hoad of ''[[The Guardian]]'' identifies ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]'' (1988) as introducing violent, adult Japanese animation (known as [[anime]]) to the West and paving the way for later works.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoad|first=Phil|title=Akira: the Future-Tokyo Story that Brought Anime West|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/10/akira-anime-japanese-cartoon-manga|access-date=2013-07-31|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2013-07-10}}</ref> Anime, according to academic Brian Ruh, is not a cult genre, but the lack of individual fandoms inside [[anime fandom]] itself lends itself to a bleeding over of cult attention and can help spread works internationally. Anime, which is frequently presented as a series (with movies either rising from existing series, or spinning off series based on the film), provides its fans with alternative fictional canons and points of view that can drive fan activity. The ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' films, for example, provided Japanese fans with enough bonus material and spinoffs that it encouraged cult tendencies. Markets that did not support the sale of these materials saw less cult activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ruh|first=Brian|title=Producing Transnational Cult Media- Neon Genesis Evangelion and Ghost in the Shell in Circulation|journal=Intensities|date=Spring–Summer 2013|issue=5|url=http://intensitiescultmedia.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/producing-transnational-cult-media-neon-genesis-evangelion-and-ghost-in-the-shell-in-circulation-brian-ruh.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://intensitiescultmedia.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/producing-transnational-cult-media-neon-genesis-evangelion-and-ghost-in-the-shell-in-circulation-brian-ruh.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=2013-07-30}}</ref> The [[Clay animation|claymation]] film ''[[Gumby: The Movie]]'' (1995), which made only $57,100 at the box office against its $2.8 million budget but sold a million copies on [[VHS]] alone,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumby: The Movie |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl4216817153/weekend/ |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Clokey |first=Joe |title=Gumby Imagined: The Story of Art Clokey and his Creations |publisher=[[Dynamite Entertainment|Dynamite]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781524104344 |pages=228}}</ref> was subsequently released on DVD and remastered in high definition for Blu-ray due to its strong cult following. Like many cult films, [[RiffTrax]] made their own humorous audio commentary for ''Gumby: The Movie'' in 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gumby: The Movie |date=2021-05-14 |url=https://www.rifftrax.com/gumby-the-movie |language=en |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref>