Editing Crux (section)

==Cultural significance==
[[File:Following the Equator (Mark Twain) (page 88 crop).jpg|thumb|A depiction of The Southern Cross in Mark Twain's 1897 travelogue, "Following the Equator"]]
The most prominent feature of Crux is the distinctive asterism known as the Southern Cross. It has great significance in the cultures of the southern hemisphere, particularly of Australia, Brazil, Chile and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/southern-cross/page-1|title=Story: Southern Cross}}</ref>

===Flags and symbols===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2018}}
{{further|Flags depicting the Southern Cross}}
[[Image:Southern cross appearing on a number of flags.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Crux, appearing on a number of flags and insignia]]
Several southern countries and organisations have traditionally used Crux as a national or distinctive symbol. The four or five brightest stars of Crux appear, heraldically standardised in various ways, on the flags of [[flag of Australia|Australia]], [[flag of Brazil|Brazil]], [[flag of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[flag of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] and [[flag of Samoa|Samoa]]. They also appear on the flags of the [[Flag of Victoria (Australia)|Australian state of Victoria]], the [[flag of Australian Capital Territory|Australian Capital Territory]], the [[flag of Northern Territory|Northern Territory]], as well as the flag of [[Flag of Magallanes|Magallanes Region of Chile]], the flag of [[Londrina]] (Brazil) and several [[Argentina|Argentine]] provincial flags and emblems (for example, ''[[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]]'' and ''[[Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)|Santa Cruz]]''). The flag of the [[Mercosur]] trading zone displays the four brightest stars. Crux also appears on the [[Coat of arms of Brazil|Brazilian coat of arms]] and, {{as of | 2015 | July|alt=as of July 2015}}, on the cover of [[Brazilian passport]]s.

Five stars appear in the logo of the Brazilian football team [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube]] and in the insignia of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]], and the cross has featured as name of the Brazilian currency (the ''[[Brazilian cruzeiro (disambiguation)|cruzeiro]]'' from 1942 to 1986 and again from 1990 to 1994). All coins of the {{as of | 2017 | alt = current}} (1998) series of the [[Brazilian real]] display the constellation.
[[File:CruzeiroDoSul-Brasil GraCruz MusHistMili-Valencia 20191204.jpg|thumb|Brazil's [[National Order of the Southern Cross]]]]
[[File:Brazilian Air Force marshal of the air rank insignia.svg|thumb|Brazilian Air Force's [[Marshal (Brazil)|''Marshal of the Air'']] military shoulder rank|100px]]
Songs and literature reference the Southern Cross, including the Argentine epic poem ''[[Martín Fierro]]''. The Argentinian singer [[Charly García]] says that he is "from the Southern Cross" in the song "No voy en tren".

The Cross gets a mention in the lyrics of the [[Brazilian National Anthem]] (1909): "''A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece''" ("the image of the Cross shines").

The Southern Cross is mentioned in the [[Advance Australia Fair|Australian National Anthem]], "''Beneath our radiant Southern Cross we'll toil with hearts and hands''"

The Southern Cross features in the coat of arms of [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood]], the British officer who commanded the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] of the [[First World War]].

The Southern Cross is also mentioned in the [[The Banner of Freedom|Samoan
National Anthem]].
"''Vaai 'i na fetu o lo'u a agiagia ai: Le faailoga lea o Iesu, na maliu ai mo Samoa.''" ("Look at those stars that are waving on it: This is the symbol of Jesus, who died on it for Samoa.")

The 1952-53 NBC Television Series ''[[Victory At Sea]]'' contained a musical number entitled "Beneath the Southern Cross".

"[[Southern Cross (Crosby, Stills and Nash song)|Southern Cross]]" is a single released by [[Crosby, Stills and Nash]] in 1981. It reached #18 on Billboard Hot 100 in late 1982.

"The Sign of the Southern Cross" is a song released by [[Black Sabbath]] in 1981. The song was released on the album "[[Mob Rules (album)|Mob Rules]]".

The [[Order of the Southern Cross]] is a Brazilian [[order of chivalry]] awarded to "those who have rendered significant service to the Brazilian nation".

In "[[O Sweet Saint Martin's Land]]", the lyrics mention the Southern Cross: ''Thy Southern Cross the night''.

A stylized version of Crux appears on the Australian [[Eureka Flag]]. The constellation was also used on the dark blue, shield-like patch worn by personnel of the U.S. Army's [[Americal Division]], which was organized in the Southern Hemisphere, on the island of [[New Caledonia]], and also on the blue diamond of the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Marine Division]], which fought on the Southern Hemisphere islands of [[Guadalcanal]] and [[New Britain]].

The ''Petersflagge'' flag of the [[German East Africa Company]] of 1885–1920, which included a constellation of five white five-pointed Crux "stars" on a red ground, later served as the model for symbolism associated with generic German colonial-oriented organisations: the [[Reichskolonialbund]] of 1936–1943 and the {{ill|Friends of the former German Protectorates|de|Traditionsverband ehemaliger Schutz- und Überseetruppen}} (1956/1983 to the present).

[[Southern Cross railway station|Southern Cross station]] is a major rail terminal in Melbourne, Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/southerncrossrailway/|title=Southern Cross Railway Station, Victoria – Railway Technology|work=Railway Technology|access-date=2018-04-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross]] is a personal ordinariate of the Roman Catholic Church primarily within the territory of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference for groups of Anglicans who desire full communion with the Catholic Church in Australia and Asia.

The [[Knights of the Southern Cross]] (KSC) is a Catholic fraternal order throughout Australia.

===Various cultures===

In India, there is a story related to the creation of [[Trishanku|Trishanku Swarga]] (त्रिशंकु), meaning ''[[Chinese constellations#The Southern Asterisms (近南極星區)|Cross]]'' (Crux), created by Sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pipanews.com/vishwamitra-created-the-parallel-universe-pipa-news/ | title=Vishwamitra created the parallel universe! PiPa News - PiPa News | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref>

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|十字架}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Shí Zì Jià}}), meaning ''[[Chinese constellations#The Southern Asterisms (近南極星區)|Cross]]'', refers to an asterism consisting of γ Crucis, [[Alpha Crucis|α Crucis]], [[Beta Crucis|β Crucis]] and [[Delta Crucis|δ Crucis]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|9789867332257}}.</ref>

In [[Australian Aboriginal astronomy]], Crux and the [[Coalsack Nebula|Coalsack]] mark the head of the 'Emu in the Sky' (which is seen in the dark spaces rather than in the patterns of stars) in several [[Aboriginal cultures]],<ref>Norris, R. (2007): [http://www.emudreaming.com/Examples/emu.htm The Emu in the Sky] Australian Aboriginal Astronomy website. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</ref> while Crux itself is said to be a [[Phalangeriformes|possum]] sitting in a tree ([[Wergaia|Boorong people]] of the [[Wimmera]] region of northwestern Victoria), a representation of the sky deity Mirrabooka ([[Quandamooka people]] of [[Stradbroke Island]]), a stingray ([[Yolngu|Yolngu people]] of [[Arnhem Land]]), or an eagle ([[Kaurna|Kaurna people]] of the [[Adelaide Plains]]).<ref>Musgrave, I.: [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-02/may-sky-guide/7356040 May sky guide: The Eta Aquarid meteor shower, constellations and planets] ''ABC News'', 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</ref>  Two Pacific constellations also included [[Gamma Centauri]]. [[Torres Strait Islanders]] in modern-day Australia saw Gamma Centauri as the handle and the four stars as the left hand of Tagai, and the stars of Musca as the [[trident]] of the fishing spear he is holding. In [[Aranda people|Aranda]] traditions of central Australia, the four Cross stars are the talon of an [[eagle]] and Gamma Centauri as its leg.{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=249}}

Various peoples in the [[East Indies]] and Brazil viewed the four main stars as the body of a [[ray (fish)|ray.]]{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=249}} In both Indonesia and Malaysia, it is known as ''Bintang Pari'' and ''Buruj Pari'',<ref name="ASIM">{{Cite journal|last=Nurul Fatini Jaafar|year=2016|title=Kebudayaan Langit Pribumi Malayonesia|url=|journal=Kesturi|publisher=Akademi Sains Islam Malaysia|volume=26|issue=2|pages=|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.24869.55520}}</ref> respectively ("ray stars"). This aquatic theme is also shared by an archaic name of the constellation in [[Vietnam]], where it was once known as ''sao Cá Liệt'' (the [[Leiognathidae|ponyfish]] star).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://vietnamtudien.org/dnqatv/page/n.html |title=Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị |language=vi |trans-title=Dictionnaire annamite |date=1895 |first1=Tịnh Của |last1=Huỳnh |quote=''Nam tào'': "tên sao chòm ở phía nam, cũng là sao cá liệt" ... – " the name of a constellation in the south, also known as the ponyfish star."}}</ref>

Among [[Filipino people]], the southern cross have various names pertaining to [[Spinning top|top]]s, including ''kasing'' ([[Visayan languages]]), ''paglong'' ([[Bikol language|Bikol]]), and ''pasil'' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]). It is also called ''butiti'' ([[puffer fish]]) in [[Waray language|Waray]].<ref name="Mintz">{{cite journal |last1=Mintz |first1=Malcolm W. |title=Monograph 1: The Philippines at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century |journal=Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific |date=2021 |url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/monograph1/mintz_cover.htm |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503153221/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/monograph1/mintz_cover.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Javanese people]] of Indonesia called this constellation ''Gubug pèncèng'' ("raking hut") or ''lumbung'' ("the granary"), because the shape of the constellation was like that of a [[raking hut]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Daldjoeni |first = N. |year = 1984  |title = Pranatamangsa, the javanese agricultural calendar – Its bioclimatological and sociocultural function in developing rural life. |journal = The Environmentalist |volume = 4 |issue = S7 |pages=15–18 |doi=10.1007/BF01907286|bibcode = 1984ThEnv...4S..15D |s2cid = 189914684 }}</ref>

The Southern Cross ([[Alpha Crucis|α]], [[Beta Crucis|β]], [[Gamma Crucis|γ]] and [[Delta Crucis|δ Crucis]]) together with [[Mu Crucis|μ Crucis]] is one of the asterisms used by [[Bugis]] sailors for navigation, called ''bintoéng bola képpang'', meaning "incomplete house star"<ref name="kelley11">{{cite book|author1=Kelley, David H. |author2=Milone, Eugene F. |author3=Aveni, A.F. |title=Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy|publisher=Springer|location=New York, New York|year=2011|page=344|isbn=978-1-4419-7623-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILBuYcGASxcC&pg=PA307}}</ref>

The [[Māori language|Māori]] name for the Southern Cross is ''Māhutonga'' and it is thought of as the anchor (''Te Punga'') of Tama-rereti's ''[[waka (canoe)|waka]]'' (the [[Milky Way]]), while the Pointers are its rope.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maoridictionary.co.nz/index.cfm?wordID=10907 |title=Māori Dictionary; Waka o Tama-rereti, Te |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> In [[Tonga]] it is known as ''Toloa'' ("duck"); it is depicted as a duck flying south, with one of his wings ([[Delta Crucis|δ Crucis]]) wounded because ''Ongo tangata'' ("two men", [[α Centauri|α]] and [[β Centauri]]) threw a stone at it. The Coalsack is known as ''Humu'' (the "[[triggerfish]]"), because of its shape.{{sfn|Velt|1990}} In Samoa the constellation is called ''Sumu'' ("triggerfish") because of its rhomboid shape, while α and β Centauri are called ''Luatagata'' (Two Men), just as they are in Tonga. The peoples of the [[Solomon Islands]] saw several figures in the Southern Cross. These included a knee protector and a net used to catch [[Palolo worm]]s. Neighboring peoples in the [[Marshall Islands]] saw these stars as a fish.{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=249}} [[Malay Peninsula|Peninsular]] [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] also see the likeness of a fish in the Crux, particularly the [[Scomberomorus]] or its local name ''Tohok''.<ref name="ASIM" />

In [[Mapudungun]], the language of Patagonian [[Mapuche]]s, the name of the Southern Cross is ''Melipal'', which means "four stars". In [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], the language of the [[Inca]] civilization, Crux is known as "[[Chakana]]", which means literally "stair" (''chaka'', bridge, link; ''hanan'', high, above), but carries a deep symbolism within Quechua mysticism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/941062 |title=Chakana: Inca Cross |date=23 June 2007 |access-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104121115/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/941062 |archive-date=4 January 2012 }}</ref> Alpha and Beta Crucis make up one foot of the Great Rhea, a constellation encompassing [[Centaurus]] and [[Circinus]] along with the two bright stars. The Great Rhea was a constellation of the [[Bororo]] of Brazil. The [[Mocoví people]] of Argentina also saw a [[rhea (bird)|rhea]] including the stars of Crux. Their rhea is attacked by two dogs, represented by bright stars in Centaurus and Circinus. The dogs' heads are marked by [[Alpha Centauri|Alpha]] and [[Beta Centauri]]. The rhea's body is marked by the four main stars of Crux, while its head is [[Gamma Centauri]] and its feet are the bright stars of [[Musca]].{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=251}} The [[Bakairi people]] of Brazil had a sprawling constellation representing a bird snare. It included the bright stars of Crux, the southern part of Centaurus, Circinus, at least one star in [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]], the bright stars of Musca, [[Beta Chamaeleontis|Beta]] and the optical double star [[Delta Chamaeleontis|Delta<sup>1,2</sup> Chamaeleontis]]: and some of the stars of [[Volans]], and [[Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]].{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=250}} The [[Kalapalo people]] of [[Mato Grosso]] state in Brazil saw the stars of Crux as ''Aganagi'' angry bees having emerged from the Coalsack, which they saw as the beehive.<ref name="basso87">{{cite book|last=Basso|first=Ellen B. |title=In Favor of Deceit: A Study of Tricksters in an Amazonian Society|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/infavorofdeceits0000bass/page/360 360]|isbn=0816510229|url=https://archive.org/details/infavorofdeceits0000bass|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Among [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]s, the four most visible stars of Crux are considered ''iggaren'', i.e. four ''[[Maerua crassifolia]]'' trees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=southern cross stars|url=http://iomcottages.com/ots8vb6u/aef346-southern-cross-stars|access-date=2021-02-02|website=iomcottages.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=southern cross stars|url=https://osipssausar.in/4jieznh/f17df4-southern-cross-stars|access-date=2021-02-02|website=osipssausar.in|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213073217/https://osipssausar.in/4jieznh/f17df4-southern-cross-stars|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=southern cross stars|url=https://makeyourhomestandout.com/zyili4/southern-cross-stars-db60d7|access-date=2021-02-02|website=makeyourhomestandout.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tselentis|first=Chris|date=2017-03-22|title=To the Land of Dreams: Crux|url=http://tothelandofdreams.blogspot.com/2017/03/crux.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=To the Land of Dreams}}</ref> The [[Tswana people]] of [[Botswana]] saw the constellation as ''Dithutlwa'', two giraffes – Alpha and Beta Crucis forming a male, and Gamma and Delta forming the female.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clegg|first=Andrew|year=1986|title=Some Aspects of Tswana Cosmology|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=18|pages=33–37|jstor=40979758 }}</ref>