Editing Croats (section)

====Croatian national revival (1593–1918)====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2015}}
{{main|Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|l1=Habsburg Croatia|Austria-Hungary}}

In the first half of the 17th century, Croats fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]] on the side of [[Holy Roman Empire]], mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]]. Croatian Ban, [[Juraj V Zrinski]], also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]], as he was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, [[Miklós Zrínyi|Nikola Zrinski]], participated during the closing stages of the war.

[[File:Madarász - Zrínyi és Frangepán.jpg|thumb|255px|right|''Peter Zrinyi and Ferenc Frangepán in the Wiener-Neustadt Prison'' by [[Viktor Madarász]].]]
In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold]] failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the [[Peace of Vasvár]] in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to the Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor. Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later came to be known as the [[Magnate conspiracy]], but he soon died, and the rebellion was continued by his brother, Croatian ban [[Petar Zrinski]], [[Fran Krsto Frankopan]] and [[Ferenc Wesselényi]]. Petar Zrinski, along the conspirators, went on a wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations, including [[Louis XIV of France]], the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]], the [[Republic of Venice]] and even the [[Ottoman Empire]], to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, including Zrinski and Frankopan in [[Wiener Neustadt]]. The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and the revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political Dark Age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at the expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|255px|left|The Croatian ''Sabor'' (Parliament) in 1848, by Dragutin Weingärtner]]
In the 18th century, Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]]'s [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] and supported Empress [[Maria Theresa]] in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] of 1741–48. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in the feudal and tax system, administrative control of the Military Frontier, in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head, however, she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779, and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the [[ban (title)|ban]] of Croatia. To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism, Croats passed their rights to the united government in Hungary, thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna. But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats, because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats, and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary. Because of this pretensions, the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged, and lasted until 1918. Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions, against both Vienna and Budapest, while divided on Banska Hrvatska, Dalmatia and Military Frontier. In such a time, with the fall of the [[Venetian Republic]] in 1797, its possessions in eastern [[Adriatic]] mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the [[Illyrian Provinces]], but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of [[Cisleithania]] while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of the Monarchy.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Vlaho Bukovac, Hrvatski preporod (svecani zastor Hrvatskog narodnog kazalista u Zagrebu).jpg|thumb|255px|right|The national revival began with the [[Illyrian movement]] in 1830.]]
In the 19th century Croatian [[romantic nationalism]] emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent [[Germanization]] and [[Magyarization]]. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the [[Illyrian movement]]. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the [[Croatian language]] and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was [[Ljudevit Gaj]] who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from the chancellor [[Klemens von Metternich|Metternich]], the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. [[File:Balkans Animation 1800-2008.gif|thumb|255px|left|Modern political history of the Balkans from 1796 onwards.]]This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. On 25 March 1848, was conducted a political petition "''Zahtijevanja naroda''", which program included thirty national, social and liberal principles, like Croatian national independence, annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier, independence from Hungary as far as finance, language, education, freedom of speech and writing, religion, nullification of serfdom etc. In the [[revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire]], the Croatian [[Ban (title)|Ban]] [[Josip Jelačić|Jelačić]] cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the [[Battle of Pákozd]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban [[Levin Rauch]] when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of [[serfdom]] in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the [[New World]] countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian [[diaspora]].

From 1804 to 1918, as many as 395 Croats received the rank of [[general officer|general]] or [[admiral]], of which 379 in the army of the [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]], 8 in the [[Russian Empire]], two each in the French and Hungarian armies, and one each in the armies of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Republic of Venice]], [[Portuguese Empire]] and Serbia.<ref name="HrvPov">{{cite web|url=https://hrvatska-povijest.hr/vojna-povijest-hrvata-od-1804-do-1918-godine-cak-395-osoba-s-podrucja-hrvatske-dobilo-je-generalski-ili-admiralski-cin-od-cega-379-u-vojsci-habsburske-monarhije-odnosno-austro-ugarske|last=Lipovac|first=Marijan|website=hrvatska-povijest.hr|title=Vojna povijest Hrvata – Od 1804. do 1918. godine čak 395 osoba s područja Hrvatske dobilo je generalski ili admiralski čin, od čega 379 u vojsci Habsburške Monarhije, odnosno Austro-Ugarske|language=hr|date=6 February 2024}}</ref> By rank, 173 were [[brigadier general]]s, 142 [[major general]]s, 55 [[lieutenant general]]s, two generals, three [[Stožerni general|staff generals]], 17 [[rear admiral]]s, one [[viceadmiral]] and two admirals.<ref name="HrvPov"/>