Editing Cicada (section)

===Antipredator adaptations===
{{further|Antipredator adaptation|Periodical cicada}}
[[File:Cicada camouflaged on an olive tree.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cicada [[Disruptive coloration|disruptively camouflaged]] on an olive tree]]

Cicadas use a variety of strategies to evade predators. Large cicadas can fly rapidly to escape if disturbed.<ref name=WashPost>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=David |date=4 May 2004 |title=Cicadas' bizarre survival strategy |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4893167 |agency=[[The Washington Post]] |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> Many are extremely well [[camouflage]]d<ref name=WashPost/><ref>{{cite news |title=Animals disappear using camouflage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/earth/3247746/Animals-disappear-using-camouflage.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/earth/3247746/Animals-disappear-using-camouflage.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=24 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to evade predators such as birds that hunt by sight. Being coloured like tree bark and [[Disruptive coloration|disruptively patterned]] to break up their outlines, they are difficult to discern;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Jason G. |title=1-Trick Chameleon: Predators Learn to See Through Camouflage |date=25 October 2013 |url=http://nautil.us/blog/1_trick-chameleon-predators-learn-to-see-through-camouflage |publisher=Nautilus |access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> their partly transparent wings are held over the body and pressed close to the substrate<!--, concealing the insect's shadow and further destroying its outline-->. Some cicada species [[thanatosis|play dead]] when threatened.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.masscic.org/cicadas101/adult-cicada-defenses |title=Adult Cicada Defenses |work=Massachusetts Cicadas |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/671603 |title=Subspecies Neotibicen lyricen lyricen – Lyric Cicada ("ssp. lyricen var. lyricen") |publisher=BugGuide.Net |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>
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The periodical cicadas (''Magicicada'') make use of [[predator satiation]]: they emerge, all at once, at long intervals of 13 or 17 years; their juveniles are probably the longest-lived of all insect development stages.<ref name=WilliamsSimon/> Since the cicadas in any given area exceeds the number predators can eat, all available predators are sated, and the remaining cicadas can breed in peace.<ref name=WashPost/><ref name=WilliamsSimon/>
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[[File:Huechys sanguinea 03.JPG|thumb|The day-flying cicada ''[[Huechys sanguinea]]'' warns off predators with its [[aposematic]] red and black coloration. (Southeast Asia)]]

Some cicadas such as ''[[Hemisciera maculipennis]]'' display bright [[deimatic]] flash coloration on their hind wings when threatened; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators, giving the cicadas time to escape.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cott |first1=Hugh B. |title=Adaptive Coloration in Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott |date=1940 |publisher=Methuen |pages=[https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott/page/375 375–376]}}</ref> Most cicadas are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and rely on camouflage when at rest, but some species use [[aposematism]]-related [[Batesian mimicry]], wearing the bright colors that warn of toxicity in other animals; the Malaysian ''[[Huechys sanguinea]]'' has conspicuous red and black warning coloration, is diurnal, and boldly flies about in full view of possible predators.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cott |first1=Hugh B. |title=Adaptive Coloration in Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott |year=1940 |publisher=Methuen |page=[https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott/page/203 203]}}</ref>

Predators such as the [[Sarcophagidae|sarcophagid]] fly ''[[Emblemasoma]]'' hunt cicadas by sound, being attracted to their songs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zuk |first1=Marlene |last2=Kolluru |first2=Gita R. |title=Exploitation of Sexual Signals by Predators and Parasitoids |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |date=December 1998 |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=415–438 |url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=bio_fac |doi=10.1086/420412|s2cid=19287833 }}</ref> Singing males soften their song so that the attention of the listener gets distracted to neighbouring louder singers, or cease singing altogether as a predator approaches. A loud cicada song, especially in chorus, has been asserted to repel predators, but observations of predator responses refute the claim.<ref name=WilliamsSimon>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Kathy S. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris |title=The Ecology, Behavior, And Evolution of Periodical Cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=1995 |volume=40 |pages=269–295 |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/resources/reprints/Williams%26Simon_1995.pdf |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.40.1.269 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729063931/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/resources/reprints/Williams%26Simon_1995.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>