Editing Chimpanzee (section)

===Mating and parenting===
[[File:Gombe Stream NP Mutter und Kind.jpg|thumb|upright|Infant and mother]]
Chimpanzees mate throughout the year, although the number of females in [[oestrus]] varies seasonally in a group.<ref name="Wallis2002">{{cite book |author=Wallis, J. |date=2002 |chapter=Seasonal aspects of reproduction and sexual behavior in two chimpanzee populations: a comparison of Gombe (Tanzania) and Budongo (Uganda) |pages=181–191 |editor=Boesch, C. |editor2=Hohmann, G. |editor3=Marchant, L. F. |title=Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00613-2}}</ref> Female chimpanzees are more likely to come into oestrus when food is readily available. Oestrous females exhibit [[sexual swelling]]s. Chimpanzees are [[promiscuous]]: during oestrus, females mate with several males in their community, while males have large testicles for [[sperm competition]]. Other forms of mating also exist. A community's dominant males sometimes restrict reproductive access to females. A male and female can form a consortship and mate outside their community. In addition, females sometimes leave their community and mate with males from neighboring communities.{{sfn|Goodall|1986|pp=450–451}}<ref name="Gagneux1999">{{cite journal |author=Gagneux, P. |author2=Boesch, C. |author3=Woodruff, D. S. |s2cid=25981874 |title=Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |date=1999 |pmid=10053068 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.0972}}</ref> These [[alternative mating strategy|alternative mating strategies]] give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community.<ref name="Gagneux1999"/> [[Infanticide in primates|Infanticide]] has been recorded in chimpanzee communities in some areas, and the victims are often consumed. Male chimpanzees practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten the interbirth intervals in the females.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Watts, D. P. |author2=Mitani, J. C. |year=2000 |title=Infanticide and cannibalism by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda |journal=Primates |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=357–365 |doi=10.1007/BF02557646 |pmid=30545199 |s2cid=22595511}}</ref><ref name="Goodall1977">{{cite journal |author=Goodall, J. |author-link=Jane Goodall |title=Infant killing and cannibalism in free-living chimpanzees |journal=Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=259–89 |year=1977 |pmid=564321 |doi=10.1159/000155817}}</ref> Females sometimes practice infanticide. This may be related to the dominance hierarchy in females or may simply be pathological.<ref name="Pusey1997">{{cite journal |author1=Pusey, A. |author2=Williams, J. |author3=Goodall, J. |author3-link=Jane Goodall |title=The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees |journal=Science |volume=277 |issue=5327 |pages=828–831 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9242614 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5327.828}}</ref>

[[Inbreeding]] was studied in a relatively undisturbed eastern chimpanzee community that displayed substantial bisexual philopatry.<ref name = White2024>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=LC |last2=Städele |first2=V |last3=Ramirez Amaya |first3=S |last4=Langergraber |first4=K |last5=Vigilant |first5=L |title=Female chimpanzees avoid inbreeding even in the presence of substantial bisexual philopatry |journal=R Soc Open Sci |date=17 January 2024 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=230967 |doi=10.1098/rsos.230967 |pmid=38234436 |pmc=10791533|bibcode=2024RSOS...1130967W }}</ref> Despite an increased inbreeding risk incurred by females who do not disperse before reaching reproductive age, these females were still able to [[Inbreeding avoidance|avoid]] producing inbred offspring.<ref name = White2024/>

[[Copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] is brief, lasting approximately seven seconds.<ref name="Dixson2012">{{cite book |first=A. F. |last=Dixson |title=Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-150342-9}}</ref> The [[gestation]] period is eight months.<ref name="Estes"/> Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care. Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, and protection, and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimpanzee's future rank may be dependent on its mother's status.{{sfn|Goodall|1986|pp=203–205}}<ref name="Foerster Franz Murray Gilby">{{cite journal |last1=Foerster |first1=S. |last2=Franz |first2=M. |last3=Murray |first3=C. M. |last4=Gilby |first4=I. C. |last5=Feldblum |first5=J. T. |last6=Walker |first6=K. K. |last7=Pusey |first7=A. E. |title=Chimpanzee females queue but males compete for social status |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=2016 |doi=10.1038/srep35404 |pmid=27739527 |pmc=5064376 |page=35404 |bibcode=2016NatSR...635404F}}</ref> Male chimpanzees continue to associate with the females they impregnated and interact with and support their offspring.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=C. M.|last2=Stanton|first2=M. A.|last3=Lonsdorf|first3=E. V.|last4=Wroblewski|first4=E. E.|last5=Pusey|first5=A. E.|year=2016|title=Chimpanzee fathers bias their behaviour towards their offspring|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=3|issue=11|page=160441 |doi=10.1098/rsos.160441|pmid=28018626 |pmc=5180124 |bibcode=2016RSOS....360441M }}</ref> Newborn chimpanzees are helpless. For example, their grasping reflex is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support.<ref name="Bard1995">{{cite book |last=Bard |first=K. A. |editor-last=Bornstein |editor-first=M. H. |title=Handbook of Parenting |volume=2 |chapter=Parenting in nonhuman primates |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |location=New York |year=2019 |orig-date=1995 |isbn=978-0-429-68588-0 |oclc=1089683467}}</ref>

When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for the rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently and start moving beyond the arms' reach of their mothers. By four to six years, chimpanzees are weaned and infancy ends. The juvenile period for chimpanzees lasts from their sixth to ninth years. Juveniles remain close to their mothers, but interact an increasing amount with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patrolling.<ref name="Bard1995"/> A captive study suggests males can safely immigrate to a new group if accompanied by immigrant females who have an existing relationship with this male. This gives the resident males reproductive advantages with these females, as they are more inclined to remain in the group if their male friend is also accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goetschi |first1=F. |last2=McClung |first2=J. |last3=Baumeyer |first3=A. |last4=Zuberbuhler |first4=K. |date=2020-02-01 |title=Chimpanzee immigration: complex social strategies differ between zoo-based and wild animals |journal=Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.19227/jzar.v8i1.326 |hdl=10023/19397 |issn=2214-7594}}</ref>