Editing Chicano (section)

=== Ethnic identity ===
[[File:ChicanoManTattoo.jpg|alt=|thumb|212x212px|A man in [[San Antonio, Texas]], with an arm tattoo of the word ''Chicano''. Photo by Jesse Acosta.]]
''Chicano'' is a way for Mexican Americans to assert ethnic solidarity and ''Brown Pride.'' Boxer [[Rodolfo Gonzales]] was one of the first to reclaim the term in this way. This ''Brown Pride'' movement established itself alongside the [[Black is beautiful|''Black is Beautiful'']] movement.<ref name="Stephen-2007">{{Cite book|title=Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and Oregon|last=Stephen|first=Lynn|publisher=Duke University Press Books|year=2007|isbn=9780822339908|pages=223–225}}</ref><ref>Moore, J. W.; Cuéllar, A. B. (1970). ''Mexican Americans''. Ethnic Groups in American Life series. Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 149. {{ISBN|9780135794906}}.</ref> Chicano identity emerged as a symbol of pride in having a non-white and non-European image of oneself.<ref name="Salazar-1970" /> It challenged the [[U.S. census]] designation "Whites with Spanish Surnames" that was used in the 1950s.<ref name="Stephen-2007" /> Chicanos asserted ethnic pride at a time when Mexican assimilation into American culture was being promoted by the U.S. government. [[Ian Haney López]] argues that this was to "serve Anglo self-interest", who claimed Mexicans were white to try to deny [[racism]] against them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/racismontrialchi00hane|url-access=limited|last=Haney López|first=Ian F.|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2004|isbn=9780674016293|page=[https://archive.org/details/racismontrialchi00hane/page/n94 82]}}</ref>
[[File:Map of the languages of Mexico.png|left|thumb|175x175px|Chicanos may be of [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico#Population genetics|Indigenous descent from different Indigenous peoples of Mexico]].<ref name="Arteaga-1997" /> 2014 map showing languages with over 100,000 speakers.]]
[[Alfred Arteaga]] argues that Chicano as an ethnic identity is born out of the [[European colonization of the Americas]]. He states that Chicano arose as hybrid ethnicity or race amidst colonial violence.<ref name="Arteaga-1997" /> This hybridity extends beyond a previously generalized "Aztec" ancestry, since the [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico]] are a diverse group of nations and peoples.<ref name="Arteaga-1997" /> A 2011 study found that 85 to 90% of maternal [[mtDNA]] lineages in Mexican Americans are Indigenous.<ref name="Merriwether-1997">{{Cite journal |last1=Merriwether |first1=D. A. |last2=Huston |first2=S. |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. |last4=Hamman |first4=R. |last5=Norris |first5=J. M. |last6=Shetterly |first6=S. M. |last7=Kamboh |first7=M. I. |last8=Ferrell |first8=R. E. |date=February 1997 |title=Mitochondrial versus nuclear admixture estimates demonstrate a past history of directional mating |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9066897/ |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=153–159 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199702)102:2<153::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-# |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=9066897|hdl=2027.42/37680 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Chicano ethnic identity may involve more than just Indigenous and Spanish ancestry. It may also include African ancestry (as a result of Spanish slavery or runaway slaves from Anglo-Americans).<ref name="Arteaga-1997" /> Arteaga concluded that "the physical manifestation of the Chicano, is itself a product of hybridity."<ref name="Arteaga-1997">{{Cite book|title=Chicano Poetics: Heterotexts and Hybridities|last=Arteaga|first=Alfred|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780521574921|page=11}}</ref>[[File:Mi Gente.jpg|thumb|"Mi Gente" at [[Coronado Bridge]]|233x233px]]Robert Quintana Hopkins argues that [[Afro-Chicano]]s are sometimes erased from the ethnic identity "because so many people uncritically apply the '[[One-drop rule|one drop rule]]' in the U.S. [which] ignores the complexity of racial hybridity."<ref>{{Cite web|title=AfroChicano Press|url=http://www.afrochicanopress.com/interview|last=Quintana Hopkins|first=Robert|date=2009|website=AfroChicano Press|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726014949/http://www.afrochicanopress.com/interview|url-status=live}}</ref> Black and Chicano communities have engaged in close political movements and struggles for liberation, yet there have also been tensions between Black and Chicano communities.<ref name="Johnson-2002" /> This has been attributed to [[racial capitalism]] and [[Anti-Blackness in the U.S.|anti-Blackness]] in Chicano communities.<ref name="Johnson-2002">{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Gaye T. M.|title=Decolonial Voices: Chicana and Chicano Cultural Studies in the 21st Century|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780253108814|pages=316–317|chapter=A Sifting of Centuries: Afro-Chicano Interaction and Popular Musical Culture in California, 1960-2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gosin |first=Monika |title=The Racial Politics of Division: Interethnic Struggles for Legitimacy in Multicultural Miami |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=15 June 2019 |isbn=9781501738265 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Afro-Chicano rapper Choosey stated "there's a stigma that Black and Mexican cultures don't get along, but I wanted to show the beauty in being a product of both."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Premiere: Choosey And Exile ft. Aloe Blacc Yearn For A California Style Ride On "Low Low"|url=https://www.vibe.com/2019/02/premiere-choosey-and-exile-ft-aloe-blacc-4-low-low|last=Rosario|first=Richy|date=14 February 2019|website=Vibe|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630023836/https://www.vibe.com/2019/02/premiere-choosey-and-exile-ft-aloe-blacc-4-low-low|url-status=live}}</ref>