Editing Cervix (section)

===Anatomical abnormalities===
[[Stenosis of uterine cervix|Cervical stenosis]] is an abnormally narrow cervical canal, typically associated with trauma caused by removal of tissue for investigation or treatment of cancer, or [[cervical cancer]] itself.<ref name=ROBBINS2007 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valle RF, Sankpal R, Marlow JL, Cohen L |title= Cervical Stenosis: A Challenging Clinical Entity |journal= Journal of Gynecologic Surgery |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=129–43 |doi= 10.1089/104240602762555939 |year=2002 }}</ref> [[Diethylstilbestrol]], used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent preterm labour and miscarriage, is also strongly associated with the development of cervical stenosis and other abnormalities in the daughters of the exposed women. Other abnormalities include: [[vaginal adenosis]], in which the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar; cancers such as [[clear cell adenocarcinoma]]s; cervical ridges and hoods; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance,<ref name="CaseyLong2011"/> which is the condition wherein, as the name suggests, the cervix of the [[uterus]] is shaped like a [[comb (anatomy)|cockscomb]]. About one-third of women born to [[diethylstilbestrol]]-treated mothers (i.e., in-utero exposure) develop a cockscomb cervix.<ref name="CaseyLong2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML | title = Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 86 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–50; quiz 151 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21270291 | pmc = 3031439 | doi = 10.4065/mcp.2010.0512 }}</ref>

Enlarged folds or ridges of cervical [[Stroma (animal tissue)|stroma]] (fibrous tissues) and [[epithelium]] constitute a cockscomb cervix.<ref name=NCI>{{cite web|title=Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cervix|url=https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=7590|website=National Cancer Institute Visuals|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Similarly, cockscomb [[polyp (medicine)|polyp]]s lining the cervix are usually considered or grouped into the same overarching description. It is in and of itself considered a [[benign]] abnormality; its presence, however, is usually indicative of DES exposure, and as such, women who experience these abnormalities should be aware of their increased risk of associated pathologies.<ref name="Wingfield1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wingfield M | title = The daughters of stilboestrol | journal = BMJ | volume = 302 | issue = 6790 | pages = 1414–1415 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 2070103 | pmc = 1670127 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1414 }}</ref><ref name="Mittendorf1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mittendorf R | title = Teratogen update: carcinogenesis and teratogenesis associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero | journal = Teratology | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 435–445 | date = June 1995 | pmid = 7502243 | doi = 10.1002/tera.1420510609 }}</ref><ref name="HerbstPoskanzer1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Herbst AL, Poskanzer DC, Robboy SJ, Friedlander L, Scully RE | title = Prenatal exposure to stilbestrol. A prospective comparison of exposed female offspring with unexposed controls | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 292 | issue = 7 | pages = 334–339 | date = February 1975 | pmid = 1117962 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM197502132920704 }}</ref>

[[Cervical agenesis]] is a rare congenital condition in which the cervix completely fails to develop, often associated with the concurrent failure of the vagina to develop.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujimoto VY, Miller JH, Klein NA, Soules MR | title = Congenital cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 177 | issue = 6 | pages = 1419–1425 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9423745 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70085-1 }}</ref> Other congenital cervical abnormalities exist, often associated with abnormalities of the vagina and [[uterus]]. The cervix may be duplicated in situations such as [[bicornuate uterus]] and [[uterine didelphys]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patton PE, Novy MJ, Lee DM, Hickok LR | title = The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 190 | issue = 6 | pages = 1669–75; discussion p.1675–78 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15284765 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.046 }}</ref>

[[Cervical polyp]]s, which are benign overgrowths of endocervical tissue, if present, may cause bleeding, or a benign overgrowth may be present in the cervical canal.<ref name=ROBBINS2007 /> [[Cervical ectropion]] refers to the horizontal overgrowth of the endocervical columnar lining in a one-cell-thick layer over the ectocervix.<ref name=HARRISONS2010 />