Editing Carolingian Empire (section)

=== Gender ===
Evidence from Carolingian estate surveys and polyptychs appears to suggest that female life expectancy was lower than that of men in this period, with analyses recording high ratios of males to females.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kowaleski |first=Maryanne |title=The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1995-8217-4 |editor-last=Benett |editor-first=Judith M. |editor-link=Judith M. Bennett |edition=First |pages=181–192 |chapter=Gendering Demographic Change in the Middle Ages |oclc=829743917 |author-link=Maryanne Kowaleski |editor-last2=Karras |editor-first2=Ruth Mazo |editor-link2=Ruth Mazo Karras}}</ref> However, it is possible this is due to a recording bias.