Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

==Special types of cardinals==

===Camerlengo===

The Cardinal [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]], assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of {{lang|la|[[sede vacante]]}} of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the [[papal conclave]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html#ADMINISTRATIVE+SERVICES |title=Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II |website=www.vatican.va |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010223175311/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html#ADMINISTRATIVE+SERVICES |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cardinals who are not bishops===
[[File:El cardenal Reginald Pole, por Sebastiano del Piombo.jpg|thumb|[[Reginald Pole]] was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.]]

Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in [[minor orders]], could be created a cardinal (see "[[lay cardinal]]s", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, [[Reginald Pole]] was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The [[1917 Code of Canon Law]] mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests,<ref>Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.</ref> and, in 1962, [[Pope John XXIII]] set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]], even if they are only priests at the time of appointment.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html Motu proprio ''Cum gravissima'', 15 April 1962] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231616/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html |date=2 March 2013}}.</ref>

As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] from the rule of having to be a bishop.{{efn|Examples include [[Domenico Bartolucci]], [[Karl Josef Becker]], [[Yves Congar]], [[Avery Dulles]], [[Aloys Grillmeier]], [[Henri de Lubac]], [[Leo Scheffczyk]], [[Roberto Tucci]], [[Albert Vanhoye]], and [[Raniero Cantalamessa]].}} These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but [[Roberto Tucci]] and [[Albert Vanhoye]] lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. Since the 1962 rule change, [[Timothy Radcliffe]] has been the only non-bishop cardinal who took part in a papal election in the [[2025 papal conclave]].

A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other [[pontificalia]], episcopal regalia being the [[mitre]], [[crozier]], [[zucchetto]], [[pectoral cross]], and ring. He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament of [[Holy Orders|ordination]] or other rites reserved solely to bishops.

==="Lay cardinals"===
{{Main|Lay cardinal}}

At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received [[tonsure#Western Christianity|first tonsure]] and [[minor orders]] but not yet been [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|ordained]] as [[deacon]]s or priests. Though [[Clergy|clerics]], they were inaccurately called "[[lay cardinal]]s". [[Teodolfo Mertel]] was among the last of these cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the [[1917 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917]] by [[Pope Benedict XV]], only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM canon 232 §1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229235610/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM |date=29 December 2016 }} of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.</ref> Since the time of [[Pope John XXIII]], a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop,<ref>Cf. [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P18.HTM canon 351 §1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102110536/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P18.HTM|date=2 January 2013}} of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.</ref> unless they receive a papal dispensation from this requirement.

=== Cardinals {{lang|la|in pectore}} or secret cardinals ===
{{Main|In pectore}}

In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals {{Lang|la|[[in pectore]]}} (Latin for 'in the breast'). During the [[Western Schism]], many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of [[Pope Martin V]],<ref name="CE-cardinal" /> cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed {{lang|la|creati et reservati in pectore}}.<ref name="Rickaby 1913 337">{{cite book |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337 |first=John |last=Rickaby |volume=3 |page=337 |date=1913 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A cardinal named {{lang|la|in pectore}} is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals {{lang|la|in pectore}} to protect them or their congregations from political persecution or other danger.<ref name="Rickaby 1913 337"/>

If conditions change in respect of that persecution, the pope may make the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in terms of precedence with those who were made cardinals at the time of the {{lang|la|in pectore}} appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an {{lang|la|in pectore}} cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal {{lang|la|in pectore}} is [[Pope John Paul II]], who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.{{efn|The three were:
[[Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Shanghai]], made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991; [[Marian Jaworski]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Lviv]], made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001; [[Jānis Pujāts]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga|Riga]], made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. Pope John Paul II created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on [[Joseph Zen Ze-kiun]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moscow|Moscow]], and Archbishop [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], John Paul's longtime friend and secretary. Joseph Zen and Stanisław Dziwisz were named as cardinals by his successor Benedict XVI later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-secret7-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=7 April 2005 |title=Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers |first=Richard |last=Boudreau |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164605/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/07/world/fg-secret7 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}