Editing Caesarea Maritima (section)

===Modern period===

====Ottoman Empire====
[[File:Roman and Medieval ruins in Kaisarieh from the 1871-77 Palestine Exploration Fund Survey of Palestine.jpg|thumb|Roman and medieval ruins in "Kaisarieh", drawn for the 1871-77 [[PEF Survey of Palestine]]]]Caesarea became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1516, along with the rest of the Levant, and remained under Ottoman rule for four centuries. In 1664, a settlement is mentioned consisting of 100 [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] families and 7 to 8 Jewish ones.<ref>Roger, 1664; cited in Ringel 1975, 174; cited in Petersen, 2001, p.129</ref> In the 18th century it again declined.<ref>Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 129]</ref> In 1806, the German explorer [[Ulrich Jasper Seetzen]] saw "Káisserérie" as a ruin occupied by some poor fishermen and their families.<ref>Seetzen, 1854, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/ulrichjaspersee00seetgoog#page/n601/mode/1up 72]–73. Alt: [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10468158?page=80 Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper: Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien. p. 80]</ref>

In 1870, French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the site.<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n346/mode/1up 321]–339</ref> The village of Qisarya ({{langx|ar|قيسارية}}) was allocated in 1880 to [[Bushnak]] ([[Bosniak]]) immigrants from [[Bosnia vilayet|Bosnia]].<ref>Oliphant, 1887, p. [https://archive.org/stream/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft#page/182/mode/1up &nbsp;182]</ref> The Bosniaks had emigrated to the area after [[Ottoman Bosnia]] was [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|occupied]] by [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1878. According to [[historian]] [[Roy Marom]],<blockquote>Fifty families of Bosnian refugees, mostly from [[Mostar]], the main urban center of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], settled among the ruins of Caesarea, renaming it with the Arabic name of Qisarya. Using the ancient masonry found on site, the settlers constructed a modern town with spacious accommodations and broad intersecting streets, according to traditional Bosnian town-plans. The town had two mosques, a [[caravanserai]], a [[marketplace]], a residence for the ''mudir'', a harbor and [[Customs|custom]] offices. Qisarya attracted high-ranking Bosnian functionaries who established estates near Qisarya. The town was declared the seat of a ''mudirieh'' (a minor administrative division).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=2023-03-09 |title=Hadera: transnational migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the glocal origins of the Zionist-Arab conflict |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=250–270 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499 |s2cid=257443159 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref></blockquote>A population list from about 1887 showed that Caesarea had 670 inhabitants, in addition to 265 Muslim inhabitants, who were noted as "Bosniaks".<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n206/mode/1up  181]</ref>

Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, noted that the 19th-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high, with the exception of the house of the governor. Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, had survived. There were several mosques in the village in the 19th century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the harbour, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret.<ref name=Petersen129ff>Petersen, 2001, pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C  129]-130</ref>

====British Mandate of Palestine====
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Qisarya
| native_name             = قيسارية
| native_name_lang        = ar
| other_name              = Qisarya
| settlement_type         = Village
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline           = Caesarea Maritima BW 2010-09-23 09-54-00.JPG 
| imagesize               = 200
| image_caption           = The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_mapsize         = 200
| grid_name               = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position           = 140/212
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type        = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Haifa]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1      = Date of depopulation
| established_date1       = February 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #177. Also gives the cause for depopulation</ref>
| established_title2      = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes          = <ref name="p.49"/>
| unit_pref               = dunam
| area_total_dunam        = 31,786
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of        = 1945
| population_total        = 960
| population_footnotes = <ref name="p.49">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg 49]</ref><ref name=1945p14/>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1         = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1         = Expulsion by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1        = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1        = Caesarea
}}
 
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] authorities, Caesarea had a population of 346; 288 Muslims, 32 Christians and 26 Jews,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n36/mode/1up 34]</ref> where the Christians were 6 Orthodox, 3 Syrian Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 4 [[Melkite]]s, 2 Syrian Catholics and 14 [[Maronite]].<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up 49]</ref> The population had increased in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in 143 houses.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 95]</ref>

A Jewish settlement, '''Kibbutz Sdot Yam''', was established {{convert|1|km}} south of the Muslim town in 1940. The Muslim village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Muslim inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the [[Palestine Railways]] which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]],<ref name="1945p14" /> with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945.<ref name="p.49" /><ref name="1945p14">Department of Statistics, 1945, p.[http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p14.jpg 14]</ref> In 1944/45 a total of 18 [[dunam|dunum]]s of Muslim village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for cereals, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 183</ref><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Haifa/Page-091.jpg 91]</ref> while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Haifa/Page-141.jpg 141]</ref>

<gallery>
File:קיסריה - מראה-JNF025733.jpeg|Caesarea 1947
File:קיסריה - עתיקות.-JNF038592.jpeg|Caesarea 1947
File:Caesarea 1942.jpg|Caesarea 1942 1:20,000
File:Caesarea 1945.jpg|Caesarea 1945 1:250,000
</gallery>

====1947–present====
The [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable, Tawfiq Kadkuda, approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA92 92]</ref> The 31 January 1948 [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, which killed two and injured six people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby [[al-Tantura]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book | editor = Charles Tripp | author1 = Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris | author2 = Benny Morris | author3 = Morris Benny | date = 2004 | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 130 | isbn = 978-0-521-00967-6 | oclc = 1025810122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA130}}</ref> The [[Haganah]] then occupied the village because the land was owned by the [[Palestine Jewish Colonization Association]] and, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=Morris129130/> This was done on 19–20 February, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> According to Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war.<ref>Morris, 2008, pp. 94–95.</ref> In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun [[Bedouin]], who inhabited the dunes between Qisarya and [[Pardes Hanna-Karkur|Pardes]] left the area.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Charles Tripp | author1 = Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris | author2 = Benny Morris | author3 = Morris Benny | date = 2004 | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 129– | isbn = 978-0-521-00967-6 | oclc = 1025810122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA129}}</ref>

In 1952, the Jewish town of [[Caesarea (modern town)|Caesarea]] was established {{convert|1|-|2|km}} to the north of the ruins of the old city, which in 2011 were incorporated into the newly created Caesarea [[National parks and nature reserves of Israel|National Park]].

In 1992, Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] described the village remains: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a bar."<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p.184</ref> Since 2000, the site of Caesarea is included in the "Tentative List of World Heritage Places" of the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="UNESCO" />