Editing Buryats (section)

==Genetics==
=== Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups ===
The Buryats have a diverse pool of [[human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups|mitochondrial DNA]], with about 83.7% (247/295) belonging to haplogroups of [[Eastern Eurasian]] origin or affinity and about 16.3% (48/295) belonging to haplogroups of [[Western Eurasian]] origin or affinity. The most common Eastern Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups among present-day Buryats are [[haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D4]] (approximately 29% of the total Buryat population), [[haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]] (approximately 16.6%), and [[haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G2a]] (approximately 11%). The most common Western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups among the Buryats are [[haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (approximately 6.8%) and [[haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]] (approximately 5.4%).<ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Denisova |first4=Galina |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Perkova |first6=Maria |last7=Dorzhu |first7=Choduraa |last8=Luzina |first8=Faina |last9=Lee |first9=Hong Kyu |last10=Vanecek |first10=Tomas |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |last12=Zakharov |first12=Ilia |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=November 2007 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–1041 |doi=10.1086/522933 |pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 }}</ref>

Another mtDNA study of Buryats shows they have 24% (6/25) of West Eurasian maternal lineages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Starikovskaya |first1=Elena B. |last2=Sukernik |first2=Rem I. |last3=Derbeneva |first3=Olga A. |last4=Volodko |first4=Natalia V. |last5=Ruiz-Pesini |first5=Eduardo |last6=Torroni |first6=Antonio |last7=Brown |first7=Michael D. |last8=Lott |first8=Marie T. |last9=Hosseini |first9=Seyed H. |last10=Huoponen |first10=Kirsi |last11=Wallace |first11=Douglas C. |title=Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2005 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x |pmid=15638829 |pmc=3905771 }}</ref>

=== Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups ===
Lell et al. (2002) tested a sample of thirteen Buryat males collected in Kushun village, [[Nizhneudinsky District|Nizhneudinsk District]], [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk Region]], representing the Buryats of the Sayan-Baikal upland. The Y-chromosomes of these individuals were assigned to the following haplogroups: 6/13 = 46.2% O-M119, 3/13 = 23.1% N-Tat, 2/13 = 15.4% N-DYS7Cdel(xTat), 1/13 = 7.7% C-M48, 1/13 = 7.7% F-M89(xK-M9).<ref name = "Lell2002">{{cite journal |last1=Lell |first1=Jeffrey T. |last2=Sukernik |first2=Rem I. |last3=Starikovskaya |first3=Yelena B. |last4=Su |first4=Bing |last5=Jin |first5=Li |last6=Schurr |first6=Theodore G. |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter A. |last8=Wallace |first8=Douglas C. |title=The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=January 2002 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=192–206 |doi=10.1086/338457 |pmid=11731934 |pmc=384887 }}</ref> This sample entirely lacks C-M407 and instead has a great proportion of [[haplogroup O-M119|O-M119]]; thus, it appears very different from published samples of Y-DNA collected from Buryats east of Lake Baikal.

Derenko et al. (2006) tested a sample of 238 Buryat males and found the following Y-DNA haplogroup distribution: 4/238 = 1.7% P*-92R7(xQ-DYS199/M3, R1-M173), 2/238 = 0.8% R1*-M173(xR1a-SRY1532b), 5/238 = 2.1% R1a1-M17, 3/238 = 1.3% N*-LLY22g(xTat), 45/238 = 18.9% N3-Tat, 152/238 = 63.9% C-RPS4Y/M130, 4/238 = 1.7% F*-M89(xG-M201, H-M52, I-M170, J-12f2, K-M9), 1/238 = 0.4% G-M201, 1/238 = 0.4% I-M170, 21/238 = 8.8% K*-M9(xL-M20, N-LLY22g, P-92R7).<ref name = "Derenko2006">{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Denisova |first3=Galina A. |last4=Wozniak |first4=Marcin |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Dorzhu |first6=Choduraa |last7=Luzina |first7=Faina |last8=Miścicka-Śliwka |first8=Danuta |last9=Zakharov |first9=Ilia |title=Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions |journal=Human Genetics |date=January 2006 |volume=118 |issue=5 |pages=591–604 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y |pmid=16261343 |s2cid=23011845 }}</ref> Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, ''et al.'' (2010) retested 217 of these 238 Buryats and found that they were 148/217 (68.2%) haplogroup C-RPS4Y711/M130, including 117/217 (53.9%) C3d-M407, 18/217 (8.3%) C3∗-M217(xC3a-M93, C3b-P39, C3c-M77, C3d-M407, C3e-P53.1, C3f-P62), and 13/217 (6.0%) C3c-M77. Fourteen of the 217 Buryats (6.5%) had STR haplotypes belonging to the "star cluster" in C3*, from which it might be inferred that they most likely belonged to C2a1a3-P369/M504.<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">{{cite journal |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=Boris |last2=Derenko |first2=Miroslava |last3=Denisova |first3=Galina |last4=Wozniak |first4=Marcin |last5=Grzybowski |first5=Tomasz |last6=Dambueva |first6=Irina |last7=Zakharov |first7=Ilia |title=Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia: Y-chromosome haplogroup C phylogeography |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=November 2010 |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=539–546 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x |pmid=20726964 |s2cid=40763875 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Karafet et al. (2006) tested a sample of 81 Buryat males and found that they belonged to the following Y-DNA haplogroups: 45/81 = 55.6% C-M217(xM86), 4/81 = 4.9% C-M86, 1/81 = 1.2% G-M201, 1/81 = 1.2% J-12f2, 2/81 = 2.5% N-P43, 23/81 = 28.4% N-M178, 2/81 = 2.5% O-LINE, 3/81 = 3.7% R-M207.<ref name = "Hammer2006">{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=January 2006 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |pmid=16328082 |s2cid=6559289 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Karafet ''et al.'' (2018) retested the same sample of Buryat males (minus the G-M201 singleton) and found that they belonged to the following haplogroups: 4/80 = 5.0% C2a1a2a-M86, 5/80 = 6.3% C2a1a3-P369, 40/80 = 50.0% C2b1a1a1a-M407, 1/80 = 1.3% J2a1-P354(xJ2a1a-L27), 2/80 = 2.5% N1a2b1-P63(xP362), 23/80 = 28.8% N1a1a1a1a3a-P89, 2/80 = 2.5% O2a1b-JST002611, 1/80 = 1.3% R2a-M124, 1/80 = 1.3% R1a1a1b1a-Z282, 1/80 = 1.3% R1b1a1b1a1a2-P312(xL21).<ref name = "Karafet2018">{{cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Savina |first3=Olga V. |last4=Hallmark |first4=Brian |last5=Hammer |first5=Michael F. |title=Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |date=November 2018 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=e23194 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.23194 |pmid=30408262 |s2cid=53238849 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Kim et al. (2011) reported the following Y-DNA haplogroup distribution in a sample of "Mongolians (Buryats)":<ref name = "Kim2000">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=W. |last2=Shin |first2=D. J. |last3=Harihara |first3=S. |last4=Kim |first4=Y. J. |title=Y chromosomal DNA variation in East Asian populations and its potential for inferring the peopling of Korea |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=March 2000 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=76–83 |doi=10.1007/s100380050015 |pmid=10721667 |s2cid=1753653 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 16/36 = 44.44% C2-M217, 1/36 = 2.78% D1a1a-M15, 1/36 = 2.78% F-M89(xK-M9), 9/36 = 25.00% N-M231, 1/36 = 2.78% O1b2-SRY465(x47z), 1/36 = 2.78% O2a-M324(xO2a1b-JST002611, O2a2-P201), 6/36 = 16.67% O2a2-P201, 1/36 = 2.78% R-M207.<ref name = "Kim2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Soon-Hee |last2=Kim |first2=Ki-Cheol |last3=Shin |first3=Dong-Jik |last4=Jin |first4=Han-Jun |last5=Kwak |first5=Kyoung-Don |last6=Han |first6=Myun-Soo |last7=Song |first7=Joon-Myong |last8=Kim |first8=Won |last9=Kim |first9=Wook |title=High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea |journal=Investigative Genetics |date=2011 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-2-10 |pmid=21463511 |pmc=3087676 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Buryat costumes 23.JPG|thumb|Buryat women]]

Kharkov et al. (2014) examined blood samples obtained from a total of 297 ethnic Buryats, separated into eight geographical groups according to the location of sample collection: Okinsky district (N = 53) (southwest of the Republic of Buryatia, ethnoterritorial group of Oka Buryats); Dzhida (N = 31) and Kyakhta (N = 27) (south, ethnoterritorial group of Selenga Buryats); the Kizhinga (N = 64) and Eravninsky (N = 30) regions (east, ethnoterritorial group of Khorin Buryats); Kurumkan village (N = 23) (north, ethnoterritorial group of Barguzin Buryats); Ulan-Ude and Khuramsha (30&nbsp;km west of Ulan-Ude) (N = 26) (ethnoterritorial group of Kudarinsk Buryats); and Aginskoe village (N = 44) (Agin–Buryat Autonomous Region of Chita, Agin Buryats). For the statistical treatment, samples from Ulan-Ude and Khuramsha village were united into one group designated as "Ulan-Ude". The authors found significant differences among eastern Buryats (Khorin Buryats from Kizhinga and Eravninsky districts of Buryatia plus Agin Buryats from Agin-Buryat Okrug of Zabaykalsky Krai), southern and central Buryats (Selenga Buryats from Dzhida and Kyakhta plus Kudarinsk Buryats from Ulan-Ude and Khuramsha), and southwestern and northern Buryats (Oka Buryats from Okinsky district of Buryatia plus Barguzin Buryats from Kurumkan village). Similar to the Buryat samples examined by Malyarchuk ''et al.'' (2010) and Karafet ''et al.'' (2018), the southwestern and northern Buryat samples of Kharkov ''et al.'' (2014) exhibited an extremely high frequency of haplogroup C2-M407: 48/76 = 63.2% C3d-M407, 14/76 = 18.4% N1c1-Tat, 4/76 = 5.3% O3a3c*-M134(xM117), 3/76 = 3.9% C3*-M217(xM77, M86, M407), 2/76 = 2.6% C3c-M77/M86, 2/76 = 2.6% O3a3c1-M117, 2/76 = 2.6% R1a1a-M17, 1/76 = 1.3% N1b-P43. In contrast, the eastern Buryat samples of Kharkov ''et al.'' (2014) exhibited an extremely high frequency of haplogroup N-Tat: 102/138 = 73.9% N1c1-Tat, 19/138 = 13.8% C3d-M407, 5/138 = 3.6% C3c-M77/M86, 4/138 = 2.9% E, 3/138 = 2.2% C3*-M217(xM77, M86, M407), 2/138 = 1.4% R1a1a-M17, 1/138 = 0.7% O3a*-M324(xM7, M134), 1/138 = 0.7% O3a3c1-M117, 1/138 = 0.7% R2a-M124. The southern and central Buryat samples of Kharkov ''et al.'' (2014) exhibited a significant proportion of C3*-M217(xM77, M86, M407), which may be related to Y-DNA subclades that often have been observed among Mongols in Mongolia, while also exhibiting both N-Tat and C-M407 with moderate frequency: 26/84 = 31.0% N1c1-Tat, 19/84 = 22.6% C3d-M407, 16/84 = 19.0% C3*-M217(xM77, M86, M407), 8/84 = 9.5% R1a1a-M17, 7/84 = 8.3% R2a-M124, 4/84 = 4.8% C3c-M77/M86, 4/84 = 4.8% O3a*-M324(xM7, M134).<ref name = "Kharkov2014" />

Haplogroup N-M178 is found mainly among the indigenous peoples of northern Eurasia (e.g. [[Yakuts]], [[Finns]]). Among Buryats, haplogroup N-M178 is more common toward the east (''cf.'' 50/64 = 78.1% N1c1 in a sample of Buryat from [[Kizhinginsky District]], 34/44 = 77.3% N1c1 in a sample of Buryat from [[Agin-Buryat Okrug|Aga Buryatia]], and 18/30 = 60.0% N1c1 in a sample of Buryat from [[Yeravninsky District]], every one of which regions is located at a substantial distance east of the eastern shore of the southern half of Lake Baikal, ''versus'' 6/31 = 19.4% N1c1 in a sample of Buryat from [[Dzhidinsky District]], which is slightly south of the southwestern end of the lake, and 2/23 = 8.7% N1c1 in a sample of Buryat from [[Kurumkansky District]], which is slightly east of the northeastern end of the lake<ref name = "Kharkov2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kharkov |first1=V. N. |last2=Khamina |first2=K. V. |last3=Medvedeva |first3=O. F. |last4=Simonova |first4=K. V. |last5=Eremina |first5=E. R. |last6=Stepanov |first6=V. A. |title=Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |date=February 2014 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |doi=10.1134/S1022795413110082 |s2cid=15595963 }}</ref>), and it mostly belongs to a subclade (N-F4205) that reaches its maximal frequency among Buryats, but which also has been found in some other [[Mongols|Mongolic peoples]] as well as in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Ukraine, and Poland. N-F4205 is estimated to share a common ancestor with N-B202, which has been found in many present-day inhabitants of [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], approximately 4,600 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 5,500) years before present.<ref name = "YFull">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-Y16323/|title=N-Y16323 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|accessdate=Jul 17, 2022}}</ref>

Haplogroup C3d (M407) is found mainly among the northern and southwestern Buryats, [[Barga Mongols|Barghuts]], [[Hamnigan]]s, [[Soyot]]s, [[Khongirad#Kazakhstan|Kazakh Khongirad]],<ref name="Ashirbekov2017">{{Cite web |url=http://nblib.library.kz/elib/library.kz/jurnal/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_06_2017%20(2)/12-%20Biology%20E.E.Ashirbekov0617.pdf |title=E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." ''Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan'', ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 – 95. |access-date=2021-06-25 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923024313/http://nblib.library.kz/elib/library.kz/jurnal/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_06_2017%20(2)/12-%20Biology%20E.E.Ashirbekov0617.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Dörbet [[Kalmyks]].

=== Nuclear DNA genetic history ===
A large scale genetic study from 2021 shows that the Buryats, as well as other [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic ethnic groups]], such as [[Mongols]], have nearly exclusively East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) genetic ancestry (≈95% to 98%), which can be largely traced back to Neolithic millet agriculturalists of [[Northeast Asia]], but also [[Paleo-Siberian]]s, and "Yellow river farmers" from around the [[Yellow River]] region of Northern [[China]]. Genetic evidence shows that Northeast Asian like ancestry massively expanded westwards during the [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] in several waves. Although Buryats are closer to their Mongolic and Tungusic-speaking neighbors, out of the major East Asian ethnic groups, they are genetically closest to the [[Koreans]], followed by [[Han Chinese|Northern Han]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Han Chinese|Southern Han]], in that order, according to FST genetic distance measurements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Chuan-Chao |last2=Yeh |first2=Hui-Yuan |last3=Popov |first3=Alexander N. |last4=Zhang |first4=Hu-Qin |last5=Matsumura |first5=Hirofumi |last6=Sirak |first6=Kendra |last7=Cheronet |first7=Olivia |last8=Kovalev |first8=Alexey |last9=Rohland |first9=Nadin |last10=Kim |first10=Alexander M. |last11=Mallick |first11=Swapan |date=March 2021 |title=Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=591 |issue=7850 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2 |pmid=33618348 |pmc=7993749 |bibcode=2021Natur.591..413W |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>