Editing Braille (section)

=== Braille writing machine ===
[[File:An aesthetic braille typewriter video.ogv|thumb|Braille typewriter]]
[[File:Máquina Stainsby.jpg|thumb|alt=sliding carriage with keys on a metal plate|Stainsby Braille writer]]
A Braille writing machine is a typewriter with six keys that allows the user to write braille on a regular hard copy page.

The first Braille typewriter to gain general acceptance was invented by [[Frank Haven Hall]] (Superintendent of the [[Illinois School for the Blind]]), and was presented to the public in 1892.<ref name="Perkins story">{{cite web |title=History of the Perkins Brailler |date= 17 November 2009 |url=http://www.perkins.org/assets/downloads/research/history-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028034532/http://www.perkins.org/assets/downloads/research/history-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf}}</ref>

The Stainsby Brailler, developed by Henry Stainsby in 1903, is a mechanical writer with a sliding carriage that moves over an aluminium plate as it embosses Braille characters. An improved version was introduced around 1933.<ref name="edman">{{cite book |last1=Edman |first1=Polly |title=Tactile Graphics |date=1992 |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind |isbn=978-0-89128-194-8 |page=154 |url=https://archive.org/details/tactilegraphics15poll/page/154 |quote=Stainsby brailler |access-date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Object – Stainsby Braille writer – Victorian Collections |url=https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/58e2df01d0ce3c27d8c75cdb |website=Victorian Collections |publisher=Museums Australia Victoria |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023081252/https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/58e2df01d0ce3c27d8c75cdb |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1951 David Abraham, a woodworking teacher at the [[Perkins School for the Blind]], produced a more advanced Braille typewriter, the [[Perkins Brailler]].<ref name="Perkins story" />

[[Braille embosser|Braille printers or embossers]] were produced in the 1950s.
In 1960 Robert Mann, a teacher in MIT, wrote [[Compatible Time-Sharing System#DOTSYS and BRAILLEMBOSS|DOTSYS]], a software that allowed automatic [[Braille translator|braille translation]], and another group created an [[Braille translator|embossing]] device called "M.I.T. Braillemboss". The Mitre Corporation team of Robert Gildea, Jonathan Millen, Reid Gerhart and Joseph Sullivan (now president of Duxbury Systems) developed DOTSYS III, the first braille translator written in a portable programming language. DOTSYS III was developed for the [[Atlanta Public Schools]] as a [[public domain]] program.<ref>[http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/1961_ibm.pdf Braille Translation System for the IBM 704 by Ann S. Schack and R.T. Mertz, 1961] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222160853/http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/1961_ibm.pdf |date=22 December 2018 }} retrieved 30 March 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/schack_1969.pdf |title=Computer Translation: Grade 2 from Print; Report of American Printing House of the Blind |first1=Ann |last1=Schack |last2=And others |date=June 1969 |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170510/http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/schack_1969.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991 Ernest Bate developed the [[Mountbatten Brailler]], an electronic machine used to type braille on braille paper, giving it a number of additional features such as word processing, audio feedback and embossing. This version was improved in 2008 with a quiet writer that had an erase key.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perkins/APH Next Generation Brailler |url=https://aphmuseum.org/exhibits/online-exhibit/historic-braillewriters/perkins-aph-next-generation-brailler/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=APH Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011 David S. Morgan produced the first SMART Brailler machine, with added [[text to speech]] function and allowed digital capture of data entered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dexigner.com/news/25429|title=Perkins SMART Brailler|date=17 July 2012|website=Dexigner|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928211901/https://www.dexigner.com/news/25429|url-status=live}}</ref>