Editing Bosnia and Herzegovina (section)

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{See also|List of mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovina|List of lakes of Bosnia and Herzegovina|List of rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|l1=List of mountains|l2=lakes|l3=rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

{{Multiple image
| caption align = center
| align         = right
| direction     = vertical
| width         = 230
| image1        = NP001 nacionalni park sutjeska perucica.jpg
| caption1      = [[Sutjeska National Park]] contains [[Maglić (mountain)|Maglić]], the highest mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as [[Perućica]], one of the last remaining [[Old-growth forest|primeval forests]] in Europe
| image2        = NP002 - 14.jpg
| caption2      = [[Kozara|Kozara Mountain]], [[Kozara National Park]]
| image3        = Štrbački buk 1.jpg
| caption3      = [[Štrbački buk]] waterfall on the [[Una (Sava)|Una]] River, [[Una National Park]]
| image4        = Drina Canyon.JPG
| caption4      = [[Drina]] river canyon, [[Drina National Park]]
}}

Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the western [[Balkans]], bordering [[Croatia]] ({{convert|932|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) to the north and west, [[Serbia]] ({{convert|302|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) to the east, and [[Montenegro]] ({{convert|225|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) to the southeast. It has a coastline about {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} long surrounding the town of [[Neum]].<ref name="coastline">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html Field Listing&nbsp;– Coastline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |date=16 July 2017 }}, ''[[The World Factbook]]'', 22 August 2006</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563626/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.html |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina: I: Introduction |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |date=2006 |access-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029080505/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563626/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.html |archive-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> It lies between latitudes [[42nd parallel north|42°]] and [[46th parallel north|46° N]], and longitudes [[15th meridian east|15°]] and [[20th meridian east|20° E]].

The country's name comes from the two alleged regions [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]], whose border was never defined. Historically, Bosnia's official name never included any of its many regions until the Austro-Hungarian occupation.

The country is mostly mountainous, encompassing the central [[Dinaric Alps]]. The northeastern parts reach into the [[Pannonian Basin]], while in the south it borders the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]]. The Dinaric Alps generally run in a southeast–northwest direction, and get higher towards the south. The highest point of the country is the peak of [[Maglić (mountain)|Maglić]] at {{convert|2386|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}, on the Montenegrin border. Other major mountains include [[Volujak (mountain)|Volujak]], [[Zelengora]], [[Lelija]], [[Lebršnik]], [[Orjen]], [[Kozara]], [[Grmeč]], [[Čvrsnica]], [[Prenj]], [[Vran]], [[Vranica]], [[Velež (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Velež]], [[Vlašić (Bosnian mountain)|Vlašić]], [[Cincar]], [[Romanija]], [[Jahorina]], [[Bjelašnica]], [[Treskavica]] and [[Trebević]]. The geological composition of the Dinaric chain of mountains in Bosnia consists primarily of [[limestone]] (including [[Mesozoic]] limestone), with deposits of [[iron]], [[coal]], [[zinc]], [[manganese]], [[bauxite]], [[lead]], and [[salt]] present in some areas, especially in central and northern Bosnia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cuvalo|first1=Ante|title=The A to Z of Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Plymouth, UK|isbn=978-0810876477|page=lxxi, 154–155}}</ref>

Overall, nearly 50% of Bosnia and Herzegovina is forested. Most forest areas are in the centre, east and west parts of Bosnia. Herzegovina has a drier Mediterranean climate, with dominant [[karst]] topography. Northern Bosnia ([[Posavina]]) contains very fertile agricultural land along the [[Sava]] river and the corresponding area is heavily farmed. This farmland is a part of the Pannonian Plain stretching into neighboring Croatia and Serbia. The country has only {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} of coastline,<ref name="coastline"/><ref name="Neum coastline">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Neum britannica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090118/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina |date=5 September 2015 }}, ''britannica.com'', 9 September 2015</ref> around the town of Neum in the [[Herzegovina-Neretva Canton]]. Although the city is surrounded by Croatian peninsulas, by international law, Bosnia and Herzegovina has a [[right of passage]] to the outer sea.

[[Sarajevo]] is the capital<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf|title=Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028162530/http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and largest city.{{sfn|CIA|2019}} Other major cities include [[Banja Luka]] and [[Prijedor]] in the northwest region known as [[Bosanska Krajina]], [[Tuzla]], [[Bijeljina]], [[Doboj]] and [[Brčko]] in the northeast, [[Zenica]] in the central part of the country, and [[Mostar]], the largest city in the southern region of [[Herzegovina]].

There are seven major rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina:<ref name="fao">{{cite web |title=Watershed Management in Mountain Regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0269e/A0269E05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014093452/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0269e/A0269E05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-14 |publisher=FAO |page=113 |author=Izet Čengić, Azra Čabaravdić |access-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref>

{{Flowlist|
*The [[Sava]] is the largest river of the country, and forms its northern [[natural border]] with Croatia. It drains 76%<ref name=fao/> of the country's territory into the [[Danube]] and then the [[Black Sea]]. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the [[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River]] (ICPDR).
*The [[Una (Sava)|Una]], [[Sana (river)|Sana]] and [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]] are right tributaries of the Sava. They are in the northwestern region of [[Bosanska Krajina]].
*The [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] river gave its name to the country, and is the longest river fully contained within it. It stretches through central Bosnia, from its source near [[Sarajevo]] to Sava in the north.
*The [[Drina]] flows through the eastern part of Bosnia, and for the most part it forms a natural border with Serbia.
*The [[Neretva]] is the major river of Herzegovina and the only major river that flows south, into the Adriatic Sea.
}}

===Biodiversity===
{{Main|Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Biodiversity}}

[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to the [[Boreal Kingdom]] and is shared between the Illyrian province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] and Adriatic province of the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean Region]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF), the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina can be subdivided into four [[ecoregion]]s: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]] and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> The country had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.99/10, ranking it 89th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |s2cid=228082162|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Bosnia and Herzegovina [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 2,187,910 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 2,210,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. For the year 2015, 74% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]] and 26% [[Private property|private ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BIH/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>