Editing Bird of prey (section)

==Vision==
Birds of prey have incredible vision and rely heavily on it for a number of tasks.<ref name="AvianVision">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Michael P. |last2=Pierce |first2=Kenneth E. |last3=Ward |first3=Daniel |title=Avian Vision: A Review of Form and Function with Special Consideration to Birds of Prey |journal=Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine |date=April 2007 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1053/j.jepm.2007.03.012 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1557506307000341 |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> They utilize their high visual acuity to obtain food, navigate their surroundings, distinguish and flee from predators, mating, nest construction, and much more. They accomplish these tasks with a large eye in relation to their skull, which allows for a larger image to be projected onto the retina.<ref name="AvianVision" /> The [[visual acuity]] of some large raptors such as [[eagle]]s and [[Old World vulture]]s are the highest known among vertebrates; the [[wedge-tailed eagle]] has twice the  visual acuity of a typical human and six times that of the [[common ostrich]], which possess the largest eyes of any terrestrial animal.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mitkus |first1=Mindaugas |title=Raptor Vision |date=2018-04-26 |url=https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264086-e-232 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience |access-date=2023-07-30 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232 |isbn=978-0-19-026408-6 |last2=Potier |first2=Simon |last3=Martin |first3=Graham R. |last4=Duriez |first4=Olivier |last5=Kelber |first5=Almut}}</ref>

There are two regions in the retina, called the deep and shallow fovea, that are specialized for acute vision.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal |last1=Tucker |first1=Vance A. |title=The Deep Fovea, Sideways Vision and Spiral Flight Paths in Raptors |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 December 2000 |volume=203 |issue=24 |pages=3745–3754 |doi=10.1242/jeb.203.24.3745 |pmid=11076738 |bibcode=2000JExpB.203.3745T |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/203/24/3745/8659/The-Deep-Fovea-Sideways-Vision-and-Spiral-Flight |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> These regions contain the highest density of photoreceptors, and provide the highest points of visual acuity. The deep fovea points forward at an approximate 45° angle, while the shallow fovea points approximately 15° to the right or left of the head axis.<ref name="Tucker" /> Several raptor species repeatedly cock their heads into three distinct positions while observing an object. First, is straight ahead with their head pointed towards the object. Second and third are sideways to the right or left of the object, with their head axis positioned approximately 40° adjacent to the object. This movement is believed to be associated with lining up the incoming image to fall on the deep fovea. Raptors will choose which head position to use depending on the distance to the object. At distances as close as 8m, they used primarily binocular vision. At distances greater than 21m, they spent more time using monocular vision. At distances greater than 40m, they spent 80% or more time using their monocular vision. This suggests that raptors tilt their head to rely on the highly acute deep fovea.<ref name="Tucker" />

Like all birds, raptors possess [[tetrachromacy]], however, due to their emphasis on visual acuity, many diurnal birds of prey have little ability to see ultraviolet light as this produces [[chromatic aberration]] which decreases the clarity of vision.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lind |first1=Olle |last2=Mitkus |first2=Mindaugas |last3=Olsson |first3=Peter |last4=Kelber |first4=Almut |title=Ultraviolet sensitivity and colour vision in raptor foraging |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 May 2013 |volume=216 |issue=10 |pages=1819–1826 |doi=10.1242/jeb.082834|doi-access=free |pmid=23785106 |bibcode=2013JExpB.216.1819L }}</ref>