Editing Bertrand Russell (section)

===Final years, death and legacy===
[[File:Plas Penrhyn (geograph 6365767).jpg|thumb|Plas Penrhyn in [[Penrhyndeudraeth]]]]
[[File:Bertrand Russell 1972 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Russell on a 1972 stamp of India]]
In June 1955, Russell had leased Plas Penrhyn in [[Penrhyndeudraeth]], Merionethshire, Wales and on 5 July of the following year it became his and Edith's principal residence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eogqBgAAQBAJ&pg=iii |title=The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell Volume 29: Détente Or Destruction, 1955–57 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35837-8 |editor-last=Andrew G. Bone |location=Abingdon |page=iii |author-link=Bertrand Russell}}</ref>

[[File:Bust Of Bertrand Russell-Red Lion Square-London.jpg|thumb|Bust of Russell in [[Red Lion Square]]]]
Russell published his three-volume autobiography in 1967, 1968, and 1969. He made a [[cameo appearance]] playing himself in the anti-war [[Hindi]] film [[Aman (film)|''Aman'']], by [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]], which was released in India in 1967. This was Russell's only appearance in a feature film.<ref name="Bertrand Russell in Bollywood">{{Cite web |title=Aman (1967) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233193/ |publisher=IMDb |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020024227/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 November 1969, he wrote to ''The Times'' newspaper saying that the preparation for show trials in Czechoslovakia was "highly alarming". The same month, he appealed to Secretary General [[U Thant]] of the United Nations to support an international war crimes commission to investigate alleged torture and genocide by the United States in [[South Vietnam]] during the Vietnam War. The following month, he protested to [[Alexei Kosygin]] over the expulsion of [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] from the [[Soviet Union of Writers]].

On 31 January 1970, Russell issued a statement condemning "Israel's aggression in the Middle East", and in particular, Israeli bombing raids being carried out deep in Egyptian territory as part of the [[War of Attrition]], which he compared to German bombing raids in the [[Battle of Britain]] and the US bombing of Vietnam. He called for an Israeli withdrawal to the pre-[[Six-Day War]] borders, stating "The aggression committed by Israel must be condemned, not only because no state has the right to annexe foreign territory, but because every expansion is an experiment to discover how much more aggression the world will tolerate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=M. S. |date=23 May 2021 |title="Bertrand Russell's Last Message" on Israel and Palestine. |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/bertrand-russells-last-message-on-israel-and-palestine/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814054919/https://www.heritagetimes.in/bertrand-russells-last-message-on-israel-and-palestine |url-status=live }}</ref> This was Russell's final political statement or act. It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in [[Cairo]] on 3 February 1970, the day after his death.<ref name="Last Message">{{Cite web |date=31 January 1970 |title=Bertrand Russell's Last Message |url=http://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CX5576-RussellMidEast.htm |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=Connexions.org |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001136/http://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CX5576-RussellMidEast.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Russell died of [[influenza]], just after 8&nbsp;pm on 2 February 1970 at his home in Penrhyndeudraeth, aged 97.<ref>The Guardian – 3 February 1970</ref> His body was cremated in [[Colwyn Bay]] on 5 February 1970 with five people present.<ref>The Guardian – Page 7–6 February 1970</ref> In accordance with his will, there was no religious ceremony but one minute's silence; his ashes were later scattered over the Welsh mountains.<ref name=":4" /> Although he was born in [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]], and died in [[Penrhyndeudraeth]] in Wales, Russell identified as English.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waters |first=Ivor |title=Chepstow Packets |year=1983 |isbn=0-906134-21-8 |page=44 |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Monmouthshire|publisher=Moss Rose Press }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UlpAwAAQBAJ |title=The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell |year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-83503-5 |pages=434 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/the-autobiography-of-bertrand-russell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507001007/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/the-autobiography-of-bertrand-russell.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2021 |url-status=live |title=The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1914–1944 |pages=184, 253, 292, 380 |language=English}}</ref> Later in 1970, on 23 October, his will was published showing he had left an estate valued at £69,423 (equivalent to £{{Inflation|UK|0.069423|1970|r=1}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}).<ref name=":4">[https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Russell&yearOfDeath=1970&page=3#calendar Russell, 1970, p. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019022853/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Russell&yearOfDeath=1970&page=3#calendar |date=19 October 2017 }} at probatesearch.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref> In 1980, a memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher [[A. J. Ayer]]. It consists of a bust of Russell in [[Red Lion Square]] in London sculpted by Marcelle Quinton.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1980 |title=Bertrand Russell Memorial |journal=Mind |volume=353 |page=320}}</ref>

Lady Katharine Jane Tait, Russell's daughter, founded the Bertrand Russell Society in 1974 to preserve and understand his work. It publishes the ''Bertrand Russell Society Bulletin'', holds meetings and awards prizes for scholarship, including the Bertrand Russell Society Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2018 |title=Bertrand Russell Society Award |url=https://bertrandrussellsociety.org/brs-award/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910144645/https://bertrandrussellsociety.org/brs-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bertrand Russell Society |url=https://bertrandrussellsociety.org/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=The Bertrand Russell Society |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910144646/https://bertrandrussellsociety.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also authored several essays about her father; as well as a book, ''My Father, Bertrand Russell'', which was published in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/myfatherbertrand00tait |title=My Father, Bertrand Russell |publisher=National Library of Australia |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-15-130432-5 |access-date=28 May 2010 |url-access=registration}}</ref> All members receive ''Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies''.

For the [[sesquicentennial]] of his birth, in May 2022, [[McMaster University's]] Bertrand Russell Archive, the university's largest and most heavily used research collection, organised both a physical and virtual exhibition on Russell's anti-nuclear stance in the post-war era, [https://expo.mcmaster.ca/s/scientists-for-peace/page/scientists-for-peace-introduction ''Scientists'' ''for Peace: the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and the Pugwash Conference''], which included the earliest version of the [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lipari |first=Nicole |date=12 May 2022 |title=New exhibit celebrates 150 years of Bertrand Russell |work=Daily News |publisher=[[McMaster University]] |url=https://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/articles/new-exhibit-celebrates-150-years-of-bertrand-russell/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512230848/https://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/articles/new-exhibit-celebrates-150-years-of-bertrand-russell/ |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> The [[Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation]] held a commemoration at [[Conway Hall]] in Red Lion Square, London, on 18 May, the anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertrand Russell 150 {{!}} Celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Bertrand Russell |url=https://spokesmanbooks.org/product/br-150-booklet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517182804/https://spokesmanbooks.org/product/br-150-booklet/ |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=[[Spokesman Books]] |date=11 May 2022 |publisher=[[Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation]]}}</ref> For its part, on the same day, ''[[La Estrella de Panamá]]'' published a biographical sketch by Francisco Díaz Montilla, who commented that "[if he] had to characterize Russell's work in one sentence [he] would say: criticism and rejection of dogmatism."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Díaz Montilla |first=Francisco |date=18 May 2022 |title=150 años con Bertrand Russell |language=es |trans-title=150 Years with Bertrand Russell |work=[[La Estrella de Panamá]] |url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/opinion/columnistas/220518/150-anos-bertrand-russell |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518153812/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/opinion/columnistas/220518/150-anos-bertrand-russell |archive-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh's first leader, [[Mujibur Rahman]], named his youngest son [[Sheikh Russel]] in honour of Bertrand Russell.

====Marriages and issue====
In 1889, Russell at 17 years of age, met the family of [[Alys Pearsall Smith]], an American [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] five years older, who was a graduate of [[Bryn Mawr College]] near [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Russell1967b">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVBpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell: 1872–1914 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |location=New York |page=72 |isbn=978-1-317-83504-2 |orig-date=1967 |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140855/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVBpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Monk1996"/>{{rp|p=37}} He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family. They knew him as "Lord John's grandson" and enjoyed showing him off.<ref name="Monk1996"/>{{rp|p=48}}

He fell in love with Alys, and contrary to his grandmother's wishes, married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while cycling, that he no longer loved her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bertrand Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC |title=Autobiography |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-18985-9 |page=150 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140331/https://books.google.com/books?id=SlMrmmrNuEoC |url-status=live }}</ref> She asked him if he loved her and he cruelly replied that he did not. Russell also disliked Alys's mother, finding her controlling and cruel. A lengthy period of separation began in 1911 with Russell's affair with [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]],<ref name="the Journal of the Bertrand Russell Archives">{{cite journal | last=Moran | first=Margaret | title=Bertrand Russell Meets His Muse: the Impact of Lady Ottoline Morrell (1911-12) | journal=Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies | publisher=Project MUSE | volume=11 | issue=2 | date=1991-12-31 | issn=1913-8032 | doi=10.15173/russell.v11i2.1807 }}</ref> and he and Alys finally divorced in 1921 to enable Russell to remarry.<ref name="Russell2002">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97PesXqhNdAC&pg=PA230 |title=The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-26012-1 |editor-last=Griffin |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-link=Nicholas Griffin (philosopher) |page=230 |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910141003/https://books.google.com/books?id=97PesXqhNdAC&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his years of separation from Alys, Russell had affairs (often simultaneous) with a number of women, including Morrell and the actress [[Lady Constance Malleson]].<ref name="private">{{Cite web |last=Kimball |first=Roger |date=September 1992 |title=Love, logic & unbearable pity: The private Bertrand Russell |url=http://newcriterion.com:81/archive/11/sept92/brussell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205032455/http://newcriterion.com/archive/11/sept92/brussell.htm |archive-date=5 December 2006 |access-date=15 November 2007 |website=The New Criterion |volume=11 |issue=1}}</ref> Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with [[Vivienne Haigh-Wood]], the English governess and writer, and first wife of [[T. S. Eliot]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|first=Ray|last=Monk|title=Russell, Bertrand Arthur William, third Earl Russell (1872–1970)|date=September 2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35875|access-date=14 March 2008|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35875}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

In 1921, his second marriage was to Dora Winifred Black MBE (died 1986), daughter of Sir Frederick Black. Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England.

This was dissolved in 1935, having produced two children:
* [[John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell]] (1921–1987)
* Lady Katharine Jane Russell (1923–2021), who married Rev. Charles Tait in 1948 and had issue
Russell's third marriage was to Patricia Helen Spence (died 2004) in 1936, with the marriage producing one child:
* [[Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell]] (1937–2004). 5th Earl Russell, who became a historian and one of the leading figures in the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] party.<ref name="Gallery" />

Russell's third marriage ended in divorce in 1952. He married Edith Finch in the same year. They remained married at the time of his death in 1972, and Finch subsequently died in 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ&q=debrett%27s+3rd+earl+russell |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 |year=2020 |isbn=978-1999767051 |page=4218 |publisher=eBook Partnership |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910141011/https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ&q=debrett%27s+3rd+earl+russell#v=snippet&q=debrett's%203rd%20earl%20russell&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>