Editing Bermuda (section)

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Bermuda}}
[[File:Gibb's Hill Lighthouse, Bermuda July 2015 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|View of Bermuda from [[Gibbs Hill Lighthouse]] in July&nbsp;2015]]
[[File:View from top of Gibbs Lighthouse Bermuda.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|View from the top of Gibb's Hill Lighthouse]]
[[File:Bermuda oli 2014275 lrg-cropped.png|right|thumb|upright=0.8|Landsat&nbsp;8 satellite image]]
[[File:Bermuda topographic map-en.png|right|thumb|upright=0.8|Topographic map of Bermuda]]

Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean, in the west of the [[Sargasso Sea]], roughly {{cvt|578|nmi|km mi}} east-southeast of [[Cape Hatteras]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Bermuda Islands |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica|Britannica Online]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda |access-date=28 September 2015 |last=Rushe |first=George |series=Atlantic Ocean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528082525/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda |archive-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> on the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]], United States which is the nearest landmass.<ref name="World Factbook" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief history of Bermuda |website=Ducksters |url=http://www.ducksters.com/geography/country.php?country=Bermuda |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929153806/http://www.ducksters.com/geography/country.php?country=Bermuda |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Its next nearest neighbour is [[Cape Sable Island]], Nova Scotia Canada which is {{convert|1236|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Bermuda. It is also located {{convert|1750|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] (France), {{convert|1759|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-northeast of [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], {{convert|1538|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the British Virgin Islands, and {{convert|1537.17|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico.

The territory consists of [[List of islands of Bermuda|181 islands]], with a total area of {{cvt|53.3|km2|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Rybeck>{{cite report |last=Rybeck |first=Lauren |title=Bermuda Fact Sheet |website=gotobermuda.com |publisher=Bermuda Tourism Authority |url=http://www.gotobermuda.com/sites/default/master/files/bermuda_meeting_guide_0.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223618/http://www.gotobermuda.com/sites/default/master/files/bermuda_meeting_guide_0.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The largest island is Main Island (also called ''Bermuda''). Eight larger and populated islands are connected by bridges.<ref name=Rybeck/> The territory's tallest peak is [[Town Hill, Bermuda|Town Hill]] on Main Island at {{cvt|79|m}} tall.<ref name="World Factbook" /><ref name="highest_point">{{cite web |title=Bermuda Geography |url=http://www.exchangerate.com/country_information_bermuda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025057/http://www.exchangerate.com/country_information_bermuda.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=21 May 2010 |website=ExchangeRate.Com}}</ref> The territory's coastline is {{cvt|103|km|0}}.<ref name="World Factbook"/>

Bermuda gives its name to the [[Bermuda Triangle]], a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and boats have disappeared under unexplained or mysterious circumstances.<ref name="navy,1996">{{cite report |title=Bermuda Triangle Fact Sheet |year=1998 |series=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Reading_Room/UFO/195.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121111220/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Reading_Room/UFO/195.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

===Main sights===
Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, [[cerulean]] blue ocean waters are popular with tourists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bermuda is known for&nbsp;... |website=Lonely Planet |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bermuda/planning/bermuda-is-known-for/a/nar/a6fece5d-ef7b-40c3-aa99-70376f50dc6c/357972 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003008/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bermuda/planning/bermuda-is-known-for/a/nar/a6fece5d-ef7b-40c3-aa99-70376f50dc6c/357972 |archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> A number of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St. George's is a designated [[World Heritage Site]]. [[Scuba diving|Scuba]] divers can explore a number of [[shipwreck|wrecks]] and [[coral reefs]] in relatively shallow water (typically {{cvt|30|-|40|ft|0|disp=or}} in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. A number of nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by [[snorkelling|snorkellers]], especially at [[Church Bay, Bermuda|Church Bay]].

Bermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard, which includes the National Museum of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web |last=la&nbsp;Huta |first=David |date=28 May 2019 |title=10 Best Museums in Bermuda |website=Condé Nast Traveler |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-bermuda |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231215908/https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-bermuda |archive-date=31 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Other attractions include the [[Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo |website=Bamz.org |url=http://www.bamz.org/ |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827165452/http://www.bamz.org/ |archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens and [[Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art]], lighthouses, and the Crystal Caves with [[stalactites]] and underground saltwater pools. [[Somerset Bridge, Bermuda|Somerset Bridge]] is the world's smallest drawbridge, and [[Horseshoe Bay, Bermuda|Horseshoe Bay]] and Warwick Long Bay are among the beautiful beaches in Bermuda.

Non-residents are prohibited from driving cars on the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting around in Bermuda |website=Frommer's (frommers.com) |url=https://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/planning-a-trip/getting-around |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205928/https://www.frommers.com/destinations/bermuda/planning-a-trip/getting-around |archive-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> Public transport and taxis are available or visitors can rent [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]] for use as private transport.<ref name=Rybeck/>

===Geology===
{{main|Geology of Bermuda}}
[[File:NOAA Ocean Explorer Bermuda Geologic Map.png|thumb|NOAA Ocean Explorer Bermuda Geologic Map, where red denotes the Walsingham Formation, purple denotes the Town Hill and Belmont Formations, green denotes the Rocky Bay and Southampton Formations, and white is infill associated with the airport]]

Bermuda consists of over 150&nbsp;[[limestone]] islands, but especially five main islands, along the southern margin of the Bermuda Platform, one of three topographic highs found on the [[Bermuda Pedestal]]. This Bermuda Pedestal sits atop the Bermuda Rise, a mid-basin swell surrounded by [[abyssal plain]]s. The Bermuda Pedestal is one of four topographic highs aligned roughly from North-East to South-West. The others, all submerged, are ''Bowditch Seamount'' to the north-east, and ''Challenger Bank'' and ''Argus Bank'' to the south-west.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Origin of Bermuda and its Caves |website=Ocean Explorer |series=U.S. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |url=https://www.oceanexplorer.woc.noaa.gov/explorations/09bermuda/background/bermudaorigin/bermudaorigin.html |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320115156/https://www.oceanexplorer.woc.noaa.gov/explorations/09bermuda/background/bermudaorigin/bermudaorigin.html |archive-date=20 March 2021 |quote=Extending toward the ocean's surface are four northeast-to-southwest trending volcanic peaks, including the emergent Bermuda Pedestal and the submerged Challenger, Argus, and Bowditch seamounts (figure 1). The islands of Bermuda are located along the southeast margin of the largest peak, the Bermuda Pedestal.}}</ref> Initial uplift of this rise occurred in the Middle to [[Late Eocene]] and concluded by the [[Late Oligocene]], when it subsided below sea level. The volcanic rocks associated with this rise are [[tholeiitic magma series|tholeiitic lavas]] and [[intrusive rock|intrusive]] [[lamprophyre]] sheets, which form a volcanic basement, on average, {{cvt|50|m|ft}} below the island [[carbonate]] surface.<ref name="Vacher">{{Cite book |last1=Vacher |first1=H.L. |title=Geology and Hydrogeology of Bermuda, in Geology and Hydrogeology of Carbonate Islands, Developments in Sedimentology&nbsp;54 |last2=Rowe |first2=Mark |date=1997 |publisher=elsevier Science B.V. |isbn=9780444516442 |editor-last=Vacher |editor-first=H.L. |location=Amsterdam |pages=35–90 |editor-last2=Quinn |editor-first2=T.}}</ref>

The limestones of Bermuda consist of [[calcarenite|biocalcarenites]] with minor [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]]. The portion of Bermuda above sea level consists of rocks deposited by [[aeolian processes]], with a [[Karst|karst terrain]]. These [[eolianite]]s are actually the [[type locality (geology)|type locality]], and formed during [[interglaciation]]s (i.e., the upper levels of the limestone cap, formed primarily by calcium-secreting algae, was broken down into sand by wave action during interglaciation when the seamount was submerged, and during glaciation, when the top of the seamount was above sea level, that sand was blown into dunes and fused together into a limestone sandstone), and are laced by red [[paleosol]]s, also referred to as geosols or terra rossas, indicative of [[Sahara]]n [[atmospheric dust]] and forming during [[glacial stage]]s. The [[stratigraphic column]] starts with the Walsingham [[formation (geology)|Formation]], overlain by the Castle Harbour Geosol, the Lower and Upper Town Hill Formations separated by the Harbour Road Geosol, the Ord Road Geosol, the Belmont Formation, the Shore Hills Geosol, the Rocky Bay Formation, and the Southampton Formation.<ref name=Vacher/>

The older [[eolianite]] ridges (older Bermuda) are more rounded and subdued compared to the outer coastline (Younger Bermuda). Thus, post deposition morphology includes chemical [[erosion]], with inshore water bodies demonstrating that much of Bermuda is partially drowned [[Pleistocene]] [[karst]]. The Walsingham Formation is a clear example, constituting the cave district around Castle Harbour. The Upper Town Hill Formation forms the core of the Main Island, and prominent hills such as Town Hill, Knapton Hill, and [[St. David's Island, Bermuda|St.&nbsp;David's]] Lighthouse, while the highest hills, Gibbs Hill Lighthouse, are due to the Southampton Formation.<ref name=Vacher/>

Bermuda has two major [[aquifer]]s, the Langton Aquifer located within the Southampton, Rocky Bay and Belmont Formations, and the Brighton Aquifer located within the Town Hill Formation. Four freshwater [[lens (hydrology)|lenses]] occur in Bermuda, with the Central Lens being the largest on Main Island, containing an area of {{convert|7.2|km2|acre|abbr=on}} and a thickness greater than {{cvt|10|m|ft}}.<ref name=Vacher/>

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Bermuda|List of Bermuda hurricanes}}

Bermuda has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa''), bordering closely on the [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Af''). Bermuda's oceanic influence results in a more moderate climate, more similar to the western coast of Europe than on the eastern coast of North America, characterised by high relative humidity that moderates temperature, ensuring generally mild winters and summers.

Bermuda is warmed by the nearby [[Gulf Stream]]. The islands may experience modestly cooler temperatures in January, February, and March [average {{cvt|18|C}}].<ref name=climate>{{Cite web |last=Forbes |first=Keith |title=Bermuda Climate and Weather |website=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]] |url=http://www.bermuda-online.org/climateweather.htm |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230124839/http://bermuda-online.org/climateweather.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> There has never been snow, a frost or freeze on record in Bermuda.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Hans W. |last1=Hannau |name-list-style=amp |first2=William |last2=Zuill |year=1994 |title=Bermuda Islands in Colour |place=London, UK |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333575970 |page=126}}</ref> The [[hardiness zone]] is 11b/12a. In other words, the coldest that the annual minimum temperature may be expected to be is around {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. This is high for such a latitude and is a half-zone higher than the [[Florida Keys]].

Summertime [[heat index]] in Bermuda can be high, although mid-August temperatures rarely exceed {{cvt|30|°C|0}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|34|°C|0}} in August 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bendure |first1=Glenda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_GL9qP9TM4C&q=bermuda+temperature+record+August+1989 |title=Bermuda |last2=Friary |first2=Ned |date=2000 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-86450-137-7 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Weather & Climate |url=http://www.foreverbermuda.com/weather-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612164449/http://www.foreverbermuda.com/weather-climate |archive-date=12 June 2021 |website=Forever Bermuda}}</ref> The average annual temperature of the Atlantic Ocean around Bermuda is {{cvt|22.8|°C|1}}, from {{cvt|18.6|°C|1}} in February to {{cvt|28.2|°C|1}} in August.<ref name=BWS1>
{{cite web |title=1981–2010 Monthly Stats |publisher=Bermuda Weather Service |url=http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1981_2010_Monthly_Stats_Updated22November2018.xls |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214041623/http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1981_2010_Monthly_Stats_Updated22November2018.xls |archive-date=14 December 2018
}}
</ref>

Bermuda lies within the [[Main Development Region]], and is often directly in the path of hurricanes<ref name="World Factbook"/> recurving in the westerlies, although they usually begin to weaken as they approach Bermuda, whose small size means that direct hurricane-strength [[landfall]]s are rare. [[Hurricane Emily (1987)|Hurricane Emily]] was the first to do so in three decades when it struck Bermuda without warning in 1987. The most recent hurricanes to cause significant damage to Bermuda were [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category&nbsp;2]] [[Hurricane Gonzalo]] on 18 October 2014 and [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] [[Hurricane Nicole (2016)|Hurricane Nicole]] on 14&nbsp;October 2016, both of which struck the island directly. Category&nbsp;2 [[Hurricane Paulette]] directly hit the island in 2020. Before that, [[Hurricane Fabian]] on 5&nbsp;September 2003 was the last major hurricane to hit Bermuda directly, with wind speeds of over {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, category&nbsp;3). The most recent tropical cyclone to directly hit the island was [[Hurricane Ernesto (2024)|Hurricane Ernesto]] as a weakening [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 1]] storm on 17 August 2024.

With no rivers or freshwater lakes, the only source of [[fresh water]] is rainfall, which is collected on roofs and catchments (or drawn from underground [[Lens (hydrology)|lenses]]) and stored in tanks.<ref name="World Factbook"/> Each dwelling usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation. The law requires that each household collect rainwater that is piped down from the roof of each house. Average monthly rainfall is highest in October, at over {{cvt|6|in|mm}}, and lowest in April and May.

Access to [[biocapacity]] in Bermuda is much lower than world average. In 2016, Bermuda had 0.14&nbsp;global hectares<ref name=footprintdata>{{cite web |title=Country Trends |publisher=Global Footprint Network |url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=17&type=BCpc,EFCpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=17&type=BCpc,EFCpc |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> of biocapacity per person within its territory, far lower than the world average of 1.6&nbsp;global hectares per person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=David |last2=Hanscom |first2=Laurel |last3=Murthy |first3=Adeline |last4=Galli |first4=Alessandro |last5=Evans |first5=Mikel |last6=Neill |first6=Evan |last7=Mancini |first7=MariaSerena |last8=Martindill |first8=Jon |last9=Medouar |first9=FatimeZahra |last10=Huang |first10=Shiyu |last11=Wackernagel |first11=Mathis |display-authors=6 |date=2018 |title=Ecological footprint accounting for countries: Updates and results of the National Footprint accounts, 2012–2018 |journal=Resources |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=58 |doi=10.3390/resources7030058 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Resou...7...58L }}</ref> In 2016 Bermuda used 7.5&nbsp;global hectares of biocapacity per person – their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use much more biocapacity than Bermuda contains. As a result, Bermuda runs a biocapacity deficit.<ref name=footprintdata/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px" align="right" >
File:1904 view of eastern Hamilton Harbour and Paget Parish from Fort Hamilton, Prospect Camp, Bermuda.jpg|1904 view across Hamilton Harbour from Fort Hamilton of cedar-cloaked hills in Paget Parish
File:Bermuda wv.jpg|Residential suburb near the old [[St. George's Garrison, Bermuda|St.&nbsp;George's Garrison]], with "Town Cut Battery" or "Gate's Fort" on the shore of the Town Cut, and [[St. George's, Bermuda|St.&nbsp;George's Town]] and its [[St. George's Harbour, Bermuda|harbour]] in the background
File:.jpgOfficers of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), at Battalion Training at Tucker's Town, Bermuda, 1905.jpg|Officers of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), at Battalion Training at Tucker's Town, Bermuda, 1905. Bermuda's climate means heavier temperate uniforms were by armed forces and police personnel and are worn for much of the year.
File:Battalion Training at Tucker's Town Bermuda of the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers.jpg|Battalion Training at Tucker's Town Bermuda of the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers, wearing lightweight khaki drills, intended as a warm climate uniform, as a summer uniform.
</gallery>

{{Weather box
| location = Bermuda ([[L.F. Wade International Airport]]) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–2023){{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 2006 to 2023.}}
| width= 70%
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan high C =20.7
| Feb high C =20.4
| Mar high C =20.5
| Apr high C =22.1
| May high C =24.3
| Jun high C =27.2
| Jul high C =29.6
| Aug high C =30.1
| Sep high C =29.1
| Oct high C =26.7
| Nov high C = 23.8
| Dec high C = 21.8
| year high C =24.7
| Jan low C =15.9
| Feb low C =15.4
| Mar low C =15.6
| Apr low C =17.3
| May low C =19.8
| Jun low C =22.7
| Jul low C =24.9
| Aug low C =25.2
| Sep low C =24.4
| Oct low C =22.2
| Nov low C =19.3
| Dec low C =17.3
| year low C =20.0
| Jan mean C =18.3
| Feb mean C =17.9
| Mar mean C =18.1
| Apr mean C =19.7
| May mean C =22.0
| Jun mean C =25.0
| Jul mean C =27.2
| Aug mean C =27.7
| Sep mean C =26.7
| Oct mean C =24.4
| Nov mean C =21.6
| Dec mean C =19.6
| year mean C =22.4
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =127.6
| Feb precipitation mm =123.6
| Mar precipitation mm =118.9
| Apr precipitation mm =86.8
| May precipitation mm =94.6
| Jun precipitation mm =110.2
| Jul precipitation mm =116.2
| Aug precipitation mm =165.2
| Sep precipitation mm =145.2
| Oct precipitation mm =149.1
| Nov precipitation mm =111.6
| Dec precipitation mm =104.8
| year precipitation mm =1,453.8
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation days =13.8
| Feb precipitation days =12.6
| Mar precipitation days =12.2
| Apr precipitation days =8.9
| May precipitation days =7.8
| Jun precipitation days =9.9
| Jul precipitation days =10.7
| Aug precipitation days =13.2
| Sep precipitation days =11.6
| Oct precipitation days =12.1
| Nov precipitation days =11.8
| Dec precipitation days =11.7
| year precipitation days =136.3
| Jan record high F = 77.7
| Feb record high F = 79.0
| Mar record high F = 79.0
| Apr record high F = 81.0
| May record high F = 86.0
| Jun record high C = 32.2
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high F = 93.0
| Sep record high C = 33.2
| Oct record high F = 89.0
| Nov record high F = 84.0
| Dec record high F = 80.0
| Jan record low C = 7.2
| Feb record low C = 6.3
| Mar record low F = 45.0
| Apr record low F = 48.0
| May record low C = 12.1
| Jun record low C = 15.2
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low F = 68.0
| Sep record low F = 66.0
| Oct record low F = 58.0
| Nov record low C = 12.4
| Dec record low C = 9.1
|Jan avg record high C = 23.4
|Feb avg record high C = 23.1
|Mar avg record high C = 23.5
|Apr avg record high C = 24.4
|May avg record high C = 26.5
|Jun avg record high C = 29.1
|Jul avg record high C = 30.7
|Aug avg record high C = 31.2
|Sep avg record high C = 30.6
|Oct avg record high C = 28.9
|Nov avg record high C = 26.3
|Dec avg record high C = 24.5
|year avg record high C = 31.3
|Jan avg record low C = 11.5
|Feb avg record low C = 11.6
|Mar avg record low C = 11.4
|Apr avg record low C = 14.0
|May avg record low C = 16.3
|Jun avg record low C = 19.4
|Jul avg record low C = 21.7
|Aug avg record low C = 22.5
|Sep avg record low C = 21.4
|Oct avg record low C = 19.0
|Nov avg record low C = 15.9
|Dec avg record low C = 13.6
|year avg record low C = 10.2
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 79
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 72
| year humidity =
|Jan dew point C = 13.4
|Feb dew point C = 13.3
|Mar dew point C = 12.9
|Apr dew point C = 15.2
|May dew point C = 17.7
|Jun dew point C = 21.1
|Jul dew point C = 22.8
|Aug dew point C = 23.1
|Sep dew point C = 22.2
|Oct dew point C = 19.8
|Nov dew point C = 16.6
|Dec dew point C = 14.6
|Jan sun = 143.2
|Feb sun = 147.6
|Mar sun = 189.7
|Apr sun = 231.9
|May sun = 255.9
|Jun sun = 255.6
|Jul sun = 284.6
|Aug sun = 272.7
|Sep sun = 221.8
|Oct sun = 198.3
|Nov sun = 168.0
|Dec sun = 146.6
|year sun =
|source = Bermuda Weather Service (mean max and min 2006–2023, humidity 1995–2010, dew point 2002–2018, sun 1999–2019)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1991-2020_Bermuda-78016_PrincipalNormals1991-2020.xlsx
| title =  Bermuda Principal Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = 13 January 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1981_2010_Monthly_Stats_Updated_20190502.xlsx
| title =  1981–2010 Monthly Stats
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = 13 January 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/2002_2018_DewPoint_Statistics_Updated_20190614.xlsx
| title =  2002–2018 Dew Point Statistics
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = 13 January 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/1949_1999_ClimateSummary.html
| title =  1949–1999 Climate Summary
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = 13 January 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.bm/climateReport/climateReport_AnnualData.asp
| title =  Climate Report – Annual Data
| publisher = [[Bermuda Weather Service]]
| access-date = 13 January 2024
}}</ref>
}}

===Flora and fauna===
{{Main|Wildlife of Bermuda}}
[[File:Juvenile Bermuda Cedar at Ferry Reach.jpg|thumb|Young Bermuda cedar tree at [[Ferry Reach, Bermuda|Ferry Reach]]]]
[[File:White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus) in Bermuda.jpg|thumb|White-eyed vireo (''Vireo griseus bermudianus'')]]

When discovered, Bermuda was uninhabited by humans and mostly dominated by forests of [[Juniperus bermudiana|Bermuda cedar]], with [[mangrove]] [[marsh]]es along its shores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britton |first=Lord Nathaniel |date=8 January 1918 |title=Flora of Bermuda |url=http://archive.org/details/floraofbermuda00brit |access-date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Scribner's sons |place=New York City |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Forest cover]] is around 20% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bermuda |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BMU/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>

Only 165 of the island's current 1,000&nbsp;[[vascular plant]] species are considered [[indigenous (ecology)|native]]; fifteen of those, including the eponymous cedar, are [[endemism|endemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Endemic Species |website=The Department of Environment and Natural Resources |place=Bermuda |language=en-GB |url=https://environment.bm/endemic-species |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215135412/https://environment.bm/endemic-species |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The tropical climate of Bermuda allowed settlers to introduce multiple non-native species of trees and plants to the island.<ref name="z277">{{cite web | title=Bermuda » NNSS | website=Home » NNSS | url=https://www.nonnativespecies.org/overseas-territories/territory-pages/bermuda | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> Today, multiple types of palm trees, fruit trees, and bananas grow on Bermuda, though the cultivated [[coconut]] palms are considered non-native and may be removed.<ref name="y376">{{cite web | title=Coconut palm trees don't suit us | website=The Royal Gazette | date=12 February 2016 | url=https://www.royalgazette.com/letters-to-the-editor/article/20160212/coconut-palm-trees-dont-suit-us/ | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> The country contains the [[Bermuda subtropical conifer forests]] terrestrial ecoregion.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C. |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E.M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=6 |year=2017 |title=An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |doi-access=free |issn=0006-3568 |pmc=5451287 |pmid=28608869}}</ref>

The only [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] [[mammal]]s of Bermuda are five species of bat, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: the silver-haired bat ''[[Lasionycteris noctivagans]]'', eastern red bat ''[[Lasiurus borealis]]'', hoary bat ''[[Lasiurus cinereus]]'', Seminole bat ''[[Lasiurus seminolus]],'' and tricolored bat ''[[Perimyotis subflavus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Grady, F.V. |author2=Olson, S.L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Fossil bats from Quaternary deposits on Bermuda (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=148–152 |doi=10.1644/05-MAMM-A-179R1.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the [[Bermuda petrel]] or cahow, which was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s.<ref>{{cite iucn |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |date=2018 |title=''Pterodroma cahow'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22698088A132624115 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698088A132624115.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The cahow is important as an example of a [[Lazarus taxon|Lazarus]] species, hence the government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of its habitat areas. Another well-known species includes the [[white-tailed tropicbird]], locally known as the longtail. These birds come inland to breed around February to March and are Bermudians' first sign of incoming spring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Longtail (White Tailed Tropicbird) |website=The Department of Environment and Natural Resources |language=en-GB |url=https://environment.bm/longtail |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216042947/https://environment.bm/longtail |archive-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

The [[Bermuda rock lizard]] (or Bermuda rock skink) was long thought to have been the only indigenous non-bird land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. However, scientists have recently discovered through genetic DNA studies that a species of turtle, the [[diamondback terrapin]], previously thought to have been introduced to the archipelago, actually pre-dated the arrival of humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diamondback Terrapin |website=The Department of Conservation Services |place=Bermuda |url=http://www.conservation.bm/diamondback-terrapin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807051136/http://www.conservation.bm/diamondback-terrapin/ |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

Only three [[bee]] species have been recorded on Bermuda. The western honey bee ''[[Western honey bee|Apis mellifera]]'' was introduced by English colonists around 1616,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kevan |first=D. Keith McE. |date=April 1981 |title=The terrestrial arthropods of the Bermudas: an historical review of our knowledge |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.1981.10.1.1 |journal=Archives of Natural History |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.3366/anh.1981.10.1.1 |issn=0260-9541}}</ref> marking the beginning of beekeeping's cultural significance on the island. A second species, the sweat bee ''[[Lasioglossum semiviridie]]'', was last recorded in 1922. Recent DNA analysis has revealed that the leafcutter bee ''[[Megachile pruina]]'' in Bermuda constitutes a unique evolutionary lineage, distinct from ''M. pruina'' populations in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=Jennifer |last2=Gilbert |first2=M. Thomas P. |last3=Outerbridge |first3=Mark |last4=Morales |first4=Hernán E. |date=30 August 2024 |title=Evolutionary genomics analysis reveals a unique lineage of Megachile pruina found in an isolated population in Bermuda |journal=Insect Conservation and Diversity |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1143–1155 |language=en |doi=10.1111/icad.12776 |issn=1752-458X|doi-access=free }}</ref>