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==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="akh">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=M. T. |last2=Krebs |first2=J. R. |last3=Houston |first3=A. I. |year=1988 |title=Economics of courtship-feeding in the European bee-eater (''Merops apiaster'') |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=61–67 |doi=10.1007/BF00299888|bibcode=1988BEcoS..23...61A |s2cid=13553144 }}</ref> <ref name="carmine migration">{{cite book |last1=Hoare |first1=Ben |title=Animal migration: remarkable journeys in the wild |year=2009 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25823-5 |page=148}}</ref> <ref name="bock"> {{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=190, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--> </ref> <ref name="carnus">{{cite journal |last1=Valera |first1=F. |last2=Casas-Crivillé |first2=A. |last3=Hoi |first3=H. |year=2003 |title=Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds |journal=Journal of Parasitology |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=245–250 |pmid=12760636 |doi=10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0245:IPEIAM]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=15947869 }}</ref> <ref name="christie">{{cite book |last1=Christie |first1=David A. |last2=Ferguson-Lees |first2=James |title=Raptors of the World |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2010 |location=London |page=530 |isbn=978-0-7136-8026-3}}</ref> <ref name="cocker">{{cite book |last1=Cocker |first1=Mark |title=Birds and People |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=2013 |location=London |pages=322–323 |isbn=978-0-224-08174-0}}</ref> <ref name="ffh">{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |last2=Fry |first2=Kathie |last3=Harris |first3=Alan |title=Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers |publisher=Christopher Helm |year=1992 |location=London |page=19 |isbn=978-0-7136-8028-7}}</ref> <ref name="eberh">{{cite journal |last1=Eberhard |first1=Jessica R. |year=2002 |title=Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds |journal=Condor |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=240–247 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0240:CAATEO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=59455644 |issn=0010-5422|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="ecosystem">{{cite journal |last1=Casas-Crivillé |first1=A. |last2=Valera |first2=F. |year=2005 |title=The European bee-eater (''Merops apiaster'') as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.012|bibcode=2005JArEn..60..227C }}</ref> <ref name="emlen">{{cite journal |last1=Emlen |first1=S. T. |last2=Wrege |first2=P. H. |year=1996 |title=Forced copulations and intra-specific parasitism: two costs of social living in the white-fronted bee-eater |journal=Ethology |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=2–29 |issn=0179-1613 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00566.x}}</ref> <ref name="forbes">{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=P. M. C. Forbes |title=Metamorphosis in Greek Myths |publisher=Clarendon Press |series=Oxford Classical Monographs |year=1990 |location=Oxford |page=108 |isbn=978-0-19-814730-5}}</ref> <ref name="fry69">{{ cite journal | last=Fry | first=C. Hilary | year=1969| title=The evolution and systematics of bee-eaters (Meropidae) | journal=Ibis | volume=111 | issue=4 | pages=557–592 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb02567.x }}</ref> <ref name="frybeeater">{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |title=The Bee-Eaters |publisher=Poyser |series=Poyser Monograph |year=2010 |orig-year=1984 |location=London |pages=231–235 |isbn=978-1-4081-3686-7}}</ref> <ref name="frybeeater19">{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |title=The Bee-Eaters |publisher=Poyser |series=Poyser Monograph |year=2010 |orig-year=1984 |location=London |page=19 |isbn=978-1-4081-3686-7}}</ref> <ref name="frybeeater29">{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |title=The Bee-Eaters |publisher=Poyser |series=Poyser Monograph |year=2010 |orig-year=1984 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=978-1-4081-3686-7}}</ref> <ref name="frybeeater195">{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |title=The Bee-Eaters |publisher=Poyser |series=Poyser Monograph |year=2010 |orig-year=1984 |location=London |page=195 |isbn=978-1-4081-3686-7}}</ref> <ref name= hackett>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = Shannon J. | last2 = Kimball | first2 = Rebecca T.| last3 = Reddy | first3 = Sushma | last4 = Bowie | first4 = Rauri C. K.| last5 = Braun | first5 = Edward L.| last6 = Braun | first6 = Michael J.| last7 = Chojnowski | first7 = Jena L.| last8= Cox |first8= W. Andrew | last9= Han |first9= Kin-Lan | last10= Harshman |first10= John| last11= Huddleston |first11= Christopher | last12= Marks |first12= Ben D |last13 = Miglia | first13 = Kathleen J.| last14 = Moore | first14 = William S. | last15 = Sheldon | first15 = Frederick H | last16 = Steadman | first16= David W |last17= Witt |first17= Christopher C.|last18= Yuri |first18= Tamaki |year = 2008| title = A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal = Science | volume =320 | issue =5884 | pages = 1763–1768 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | pmid=18583609| s2cid = 6472805 }}</ref> <ref name="hbwafricanb">{{cite journal |last1=del Hoyo |first1=Josep |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel |last3=Kirwan |first3=Guy M. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2013 |title=African Green Bee-eater (''Merops viridissimus'') |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/african-green-bee-eater-merops-viridissimus |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 |s2cid=240954327 |access-date=20 October 2016 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="hbwarabb">{{cite journal |last1=del Hoyo |first1=Josep |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel |last3=Kirwan |first3=Guy M. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2013 |title=Arabian Green Bee-eater (''Merops cyanophrys'') |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/arabian-green-bee-eater-merops-cyanophrys |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 |s2cid=240954327 |access-date=20 October 2016 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="hbwasianb">{{cite journal |last1=Fry |first1=Hilary C. |last2=de Juana |first2=Eduardo |last3=Boesman |first3=Peter |last4=Kirwan |first4=Guy M. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2013 |title=Asian Green Bee-eater (''Merops orientalis'') |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/asian-green-bee-eater-merops-orientalis |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01 |s2cid=240954327 |access-date=20 October 2016 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="hbwfamily">{{ cite book | last=Fry | first=Hilary | year=2001 | chapter=Family Meropidae (Bee-eaters) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=6: Mousebirds to Hornbills | place=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-30-6 | pages=286–325 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0006unse/page/286/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }} </ref> <ref name="hbwwtbe">{{cite journal |last1=Fry |first1=C. Hilary |last2=Boesman |first2=P. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2020 |title=White-throated-Bee-eater(''Merops albicollis'') |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/white-throated-bee-eater-merops-albicollis |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.wtbeat1.01 |s2cid=216342842 |access-date=25 October 2016 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="hed">{{cite journal |last1=Hegner |first1=Robert E. |last2=Emlen |first2=Stephen |last3=Demong |first3=Natalie J. |title=Spatial organization of the white-fronted bee-eater |journal=Nature |volume=298 |pages=264–266 |doi=10.1038/298264a0 |year=1982 |issue=5871|bibcode=1982Natur.298..264H |s2cid=32177265 }}</ref> <ref name="hungary">{{cite journal |last1=Karáth |first1=Kata |last2=Fuisz |first2=Tibor István |last3=Vas |first3=Zoltán |year=2013 |title=Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of European Bee-eaters (''Merops apiaster'' Linnaeus, 1758) at Albertirsa, Hungary |journal=Ornis Hungarica |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=33–37 |url=http://www.ornis.hu/articles/OrnisHungarica_vol21(2)_p33-37.pdf |doi=10.2478/orhu-2014-0003|s2cid=83830772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="iraq">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammad |first1=Mohammad K. |last2=AlNeaim |first2=Taha M. |year=2000 |title=Blood parasites of two bee-eaters in Iraq |journal=Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=71–77 |url=http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=70752 }}</ref> <ref name="iucnwhole">{{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/link/57fe7e9f-1be6f7ee |title=Bee-eaters |date=2016 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name="job">{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n251 251]}}</ref> <ref name="kastberger">{{cite journal |last1=Kastberger |first1=Gerald |last2=Sharma |first2=D. K. |title=The predator-prey interaction between blue-bearded bee eaters (''Nyctornis athertoni'' Jardine and Selby 1830) and giant honeybees (''Apis dorsata'' Fabricius 1798) |date=2000 |journal=Apidologie |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=727–736 |doi=10.1051/apido:2000157 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="kf98">{{cite journal |last1=Kossenko |first1=S. M. |last2=Fry |first2=C. Hilary |year=1998 |title=Competition and coexistence of the European Bee-eater ''Merops apiaster'' and the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater ''Merops persicus'' in Asia |journal=Ibis |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04535.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="loessbee">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005 |title=Loess and bee-eaters I: Ground properties affecting the nesting of European bee-eaters (''Merops apiaster'' L.1758) in loess deposits |journal=Quaternary International |volume=296 |pages=220–226 |year=2013 |last1=Smalley |first1=Ian |last2=O'Hara-Dhand |first2=Ken |last3=McLaren |first3=Sue |last4=Svircev |first4=Zorica |last5=Nugent |first5=Hugh|bibcode=2013QuInt.296..220S |hdl=2381/31362 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10137392 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="loessc">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.040 |title=Loess and Bee-Eaters II: The 'loess' of North Africa and the nesting behaviour of the Northern Carmine Bee-Eater (''Merops nubicus'' Gmelin 1788) |journal=Quaternary International |volume=334–335 |pages=112–118 |year=2014 |last1=McLaren |first1=Sue |last2=Svircev |first2=Zorica |last3=O'Hara-Dhand |first3=Ken |last4=Heneberg |first4=Petr |last5=Smalley |first5=Ian |bibcode=2014QuInt.334..112M |hdl=2381/31361 |url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/31361/4/QUATINT-D-13-00593R2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922021613/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/31361/4/QUATINT-D-13-00593R2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name= mayr>{{cite book | last1 = Mayr | first1 = Gerald | title = Paleogene Fossil Birds | url = https://archive.org/details/paleogenefossilb00mayr_007 | url-access = limited | publisher =Springer| year = 2009| location = Heidelberg | page = [https://archive.org/details/paleogenefossilb00mayr_007/page/n21 14] | isbn =978-3-540-89627-2}}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite OED | Bee-eater}}</ref> <ref name=peters>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5 | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=229–238 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480240 }}</ref> <ref name="phylo">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.004 |pmid=17716922 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |year=2007 |last1=Marks |first1=Ben D. |last2=Weckstein |first2=Jason D. |last3=Moyle |first3=Robert G. |bibcode=2007MolPE..45...23M |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Marksetal2007MPE_0.pdf |access-date=2016-11-07 |archive-date=2016-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812062914/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Marksetal2007MPE_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name= prum>{{cite journal | last1 = Prum | first1 = Richard O.| last2 = Berv | first2 = Jacob S.| last3 = Dornburg | first3 = Alex | last4 = Field | first4 = Daniel J.| last5 = Townsend | first5 = Jeffrey P.| last6 = Lemmon | first6 = Emily Moriarty | last7 = Lemmon | first7 = Alan R. |year =2015| title = A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal = Nature | volume =526 | issue = 7574| pages = 563–573 | doi =10.1038/nature15697| bibcode = 2015Natur.526..569P | pmid=26444237| s2cid = 205246158}}</ref> <ref name="raff">{{cite book |last = Rafinesque |first = Constantine Samuel | title = Analyse de la nature: ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés |volume = 1815 |publisher = Self-published |year = 1815 |location = Palermo |page = 66| language = fr | url =https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310144 }}</ref> <ref name="saudi">{{cite journal |last1=El-Ahmed |first1=A. |last2=Gamal |first2=el-D. N. |last3=Shobrak |first3=M. |last4=Dik |first4=B. |year=2012 |title=First records of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) associated with European bee eater (''Merops apiaster'') in Saudi Arabia |journal=Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=525–533 |pmid=23469628 |doi=10.12816/0006338|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="stab">{{cite journal |last1=Spottiswoode |first1=Claire N. |last2=Koorevaar |first2=Jeroen |title=A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguides |journal= Biology Letters|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |year=2011 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739|pmid=21900311 |pmc=3297377 }}</ref> <ref name="swwy">{{cite journal |last1=Siefferman |first1=Lynn |last2=Wang |first2=Yuan-Jyun |last3=Wang |first3=Yi-Ping |last4=Yuan |first4=Hsiao-Wei |year=2007 |title=Sexual dichromatism, dimorphism, and condition-dependent coloration in blue-tailed bee-eaters |journal=Condor |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=577–584 |doi=10.1650/8201.1 |s2cid=53383771 |doi-access=free }}</ref> }}
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