Editing Battle of Trebbia (1799) (section)

==Result==
===Casualties===
The ''Army of Naples'' withdrew southeast toward Parma where 200 wounded soldiers were abandoned.<ref name=Duffy110/> The French losses may have been over 16,000 when the killed, transportable wounded (that were smaller in number than the untransportable ones), prisoners, including captured wounded, and missing were counted. The Russians reported 681 killed and 2,073 wounded for a total of 2,754 while the Austrians admitted losing 254 killed, 1,903 wounded and 500 missing for a total of 2,657. Historian [[Christopher Duffy]] rounded these figures up to 6,000 Allied casualties. He assumed French casualties at 12,000 based on the ''only verifiable'' figure of 7,183 wounded prisoners in Piacenza, but these figures do not include casualties on 20 June and contain only killed, wounded, and missing. When added up with the previously quoted captured in the combat of 20 June (the sole survivors of the 17th Demi-Brigade), the result is 13,099.<ref name=Duffy110/> [[Gaston Bodart]] in his statistics listed 5,500 Allied casualties including 1,000 killed, 4,000 wounded, and 500 captured; and 16,500 French casualties: 2,000 killed, 7,500 wounded (most of them became prisoners on 20 June) plus 7,000 men captured or missing (these 7,000 do not contain wounded prisoners in Piacenza); seven guns and eight colors were lost.{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=337}} [[Digby Smith]] reported similar Allied and French losses, he too included three Russian generals wounded. From a total of 33,000 French, he estimated losses as 2,000 died, 7,500 injured, and 7,000 prisoners.<ref name="Smith160" /> In the 2nd edition of his book, Suvorov's biographer [[Alexander Petrushevsky]] estimated total Allied casualties at 5,500–6,000; the French casualties at 15,000 and noted that it is the minimal loss.{{Efn|This estimate does not take into an account missing men, unlike some assessments.}} In proportion to the wounded, the number of dead could not be less than 2,000–3,000 (the first edition stated 2,500–3,000<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n141/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=127–128 |language=ru}}</ref>{{efn|Acerbi's numbers are the same.{{sfn|Acerbi|2008}}}}), more than 12,500 wounded or captured (12,268 captured in all according to the most recent letter of Suvorov<ref name=":1" />), thereof more than 7,500 captured wounded and sick in Piacenza. He also said that highest number of allies who fought did not exceed 30,000 during the first three days (the first edition said the number was under 30,000<ref name=":1" />).{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|pp=591-592}} David Eggenberger wrote about 4,000 killed and 12,000 wounded, captured, missing among 35,000 French, and 6,000 casualties among the Russo-Austrian allies.{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=444}} [[Lyon Blease]] stated that the French had lost about 17,000 men, including 12,000 prisoners in all and 7,500 prisoners at Piacenza and 1,700 Polish legionaries out of 2,000; the total Allied loss could not have exceeded 6,000.{{sfn|Blease|1920|pp=266-267}} [[Gunther E. Rothenberg]] gave Allied losses as 5,000 killed or wounded and 500 captured out of 20,000 Russians and 17,000 Austrians. He stated French losses as 9,500 killed or wounded and 7,000 captured out of 33,000.<ref name="Rothenberg">Rothenberg (1980), p. 249</ref> [[Nikolay Orlov (military writer)|N. A. Orlov]] wrote of 16–18,000 French losses with 4–6,000 killed; the rest were prisoners or abandoned wounded in the Piacenza hospital. The Russians and Austrians lost up to 5,425 men dead, injured, and missing in action.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=230-231}} In the 4th edition of their book, [[R. Ernest Dupuy]] and [[Trevor N. Dupuy]] revised the losses to 11,500 French casualties between June 17 and 19 (the first edition stated 10,000{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1970|p=691}}), as well as 5,500 Allied losses (the first edition stated 7,000{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1970|p=691}}), and asserted that 5,000 French were casualties en route (while MacDonald was trying to connect with Moreau in Genoa), — but it is not clear whether this includes Frenchmen from Piacenza.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1993|p=755}} [[Spencer C. Tucker]] gave the same number of 11,500 losses of the French, but even from 17 to 18 June,{{Efn|Probably a typo.}} excluding the combat of 19 June and the combat of the Nure, and also indicated an additional loss of 5,000 MacDonald's forces when he tried to link up with Moreau's army. Tucker put 5,500 allied casualties.{{sfn|Tucker|2009|p=1008}} Micheal Clodfelter noted 1,600 French killed and 7,685 wounded, 9,285 in total, and also an additional loss of 5,000 men after 19 June with no indication of prisoners or missing; 14,285 as the French total. Russian losses are indicated at 680 killed, 722 wounded, and he estimated Austrian losses at 254 killed, 1,903 wounded, 500 missing. Total Allied loss: 4,059 men.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=109}}

By June 22, out of 35,000 French, barely 10,000 to 12,000 men remained in their positions, completely demoralized. MacDonald had lost 23–25,000 of his 35,000 troops, i.e. two-thirds (these losses also consist of deserters and stragglers).{{sfn|Elchaninov|2003|p=413}} Duffy notes that when MacDonald linked up with Moreau's 12,000-strong army, their combined force was scarcely 24–25,000 men.<ref name=Duffy114>Duffy (1999), p. 114</ref> Altogether, up to 60 guns were abandoned by the French during this withdrawal.{{sfn|Arsenyev|Petrushevsky|1901|p=746}} Suvorov, meanwhile, received the [[Victory title#Modern victory titles|victory title]] of Prince Italiysky for his victory at the Trebbia.<ref name=Duffy111>Duffy (1999), pp. 111-112</ref> The old Field Marshal taught:{{sfn|Elchaninov|2003|p=413}}
<blockquote>''Pursue day and night, until he be destroyed.''</blockquote>

===Further steps===

The Allies persued the French until 21 June, reaching [[Fiorenzuola]] where they rested the next day. Suvorov determined from captured dispatches that MacDonald's mangled army was no longer a threat to northern Italy and marched the Allied army back west on the 23rd, hoping to catch Moreau between himself and Bellegarde. Ott with 7,000 foot, 2,000 horse and 15 guns continued the pursuit, keeping an eye on the French army. MacDonald, scattering his forces once again, ordered Montrichard's division to the east where it was used to form some garrisons which were subsequently captured. One battalion of ''Warasdiner'' Grenz and one squadron of the ''Bussy'' Mounted Jägers tried to block MacDonald's retreat but were crushed on 24 June at [[Sassuolo]] south of Modena.<ref name=Duffy112/> 

By 28 June the ''Army of Naples'' was back at Pistoia where it stayed for several days before marching to the west coast in early July. The still ailing MacDonald was shipped off to France and replaced in command by [[Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr]]. The garrisons in south and central Italy were picked off one-by-one by the Allies.<ref name=Duffy112/> Naples surrendered on 15 June,<ref name="Smith159" /> Fort Elmo in Naples harbor on 11 July, [[Capua]] on 28 July,<ref name="Smith160" /> [[Gaeta]] on 1 August,<ref name="Smith161">Smith (1998), p. 161</ref> Rome on 29 September<ref>Smith (1998), p. 169</ref> and [[Ancona]] on 13 November 1799.<ref>Smith (1998), p. 173</ref> Even the French-held fortresses of northern Italy fell rapidly. Turin capitulated on 20 June,<ref name="Smith159" /> Bologna on 3 July, Fort Urbano on 10 July,<ref name=Duffy112/> Alessandria on 22 July<ref name="Smith160" /> and Mantua on 28 July.<ref name="Smith161" />

Besides the combat of the Nure, the [[Second Battle of Marengo (1799)|Second Battle of Marengo (Battle of Cascina Grossa)]] took place on 20 June, and the next major engagement was the [[Battle of Novi (1799)|Battle of Novi]] on 15 August 1799.<ref>Smith (1998), p. 163</ref>