Editing Balhae (section)

====Goryeo====
Though Balhae was lost, a great portion of the royalty and aristocracy fled to Goryeo, including [[Dae Gwang-hyeon]], the last [[crown prince]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=이상각|script-title=ko:고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년|date=2014|publisher=들녘|isbn=9791159250248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LonnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|access-date=23 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020|website=우리역사넷|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]]|access-date=23 March 2018|language=ko}}</ref> They were granted land and the crown prince was given the family name Wang ({{Korean|hangul=왕|hanja=王|labels=no}}), the royal family name of the Goryeo dynasty, and included in the royal household by [[Wang Geon]], who was crowned as Taejo of Goryeo. Koreans believe Goryeo thus unified the two successor nations of Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0674615762|page=103}} "When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom."</ref> Some other members of the Balhae royalty took the surname Tae ({{Korean|hangul=태|hanja=太|labels=no}}).<ref name="Lee Ki-baik page 88–89" />  According to the ''Goryeosa jeolyo'', the Balhae refugees who accompanied the crown prince numbered in the tens of thousands of households.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ko:발해 유민 포섭 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?treeId=010401&tabId=01&levelId=hm_045_0020 |website=우리역사넷 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=ko}}</ref> According to Alexander Kim, Goryeo's statistical information shows that more than 100,000 Balhae people moved to Goryeo at different points in time.{{sfn|Kim|2019|p=108}} As descendants of Goguryeo, the Balhae people and the Goryeo dynasts were related.{{sfn|Rossabi|1983|p=154}} Taejo of Goryeo felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae, calling it his "relative country" and "married country",<ref name="박종기">{{cite book |last1=박종기 |script-title=ko:고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 |date=2015 |publisher=휴머니스트 |isbn=9788958629023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=ko |chapter=신화와 전설에 담긴 고려 왕실의 역사}}</ref> and protected the Balhae refugees.{{sfn|Rossabi|1983|p=323}} This was in stark contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Balhae.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parhae {{!}} historical state, China and Korea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Parhae |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Taejo displayed strong animosity toward the Khitans who had destroyed Balhae. The Liao dynasty sent 30 envoys with 50 camels as a gift in 942, but Taejo exiled the envoys to an island and starved the camels under a bridge, in what is known as the "Manbu Bridge Incident".<ref name="이기환">{{cite web |last1=이기환 |date=22 June 2015 |title= |script-title=ko:[여적]태조 왕건이 낙타를 굶겨죽인 까닭 |trans-title=[Editorial] The Reason Why Taejo Wang Geon Starved a Camel to Death |url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201506221730411 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name="거란의 고려침입">{{cite web |script-title=ko:거란의 고려침입 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/main.do?levelId=kc_i200300 |website=한국사 연대기 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |language=ko}}</ref> Taejo proposed to [[Shi Jingtang|Gaozu]] of [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]] that they attack the Khitans in retribution for Balhae, according to the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]''.<ref name="박종기" /> Furthermore, in his ''Ten Injunctions'' to his descendants, he stated that the Khitans are "savage beasts" and should be guarded against.<ref name="이기환" />{{sfn|Lee|2010|p=264}} Khitan conquest of Balhae resulted in Goryeo's prolonged hostility towards the Khitan Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201506221730411|script-title=ko:태조 왕건이 낙타를 굶겨죽인 까닭 |trans-title=Why King Taiso wasted camels |author=Lee Ki Hwan |work=Khan.co |date=2015 |language=ko}}</ref>

Exodus en masse on part from the Balhae refugees would continue on at least until the early 12th century during the reign of King Yejong, according to Korean scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Young-Joon |title=10~12세기 고려의 渤海難民 수용과 주변국 同化政策* |trans-title=A Study on Korea's Accommodation of the Refugees from the Collapsed Kingdom of Balhae and Policy of Assimilating the Neighboring Nations in 10th~12th Centuries |url=http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/builderDownload.laf?barcode=4010028143027&artId=10576093&gb=view&rePdf=view |journal=Society for Jeju Studies |date=28 February 2021 |volume=55 |pages=27–53 |doi=10.47520/jjs.2021.55.27 |s2cid=233796106 |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206130722/http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/builderDownload.laf?barcode=4010028143027&artId=10576093&gb=view&rePdf=view |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|32–33}}{{efn|For example, 3,000 Balhae households came to Goryeo in 938.<ref>{{cite web |last1=노태돈 |script-title=ko:정안국(定安國) |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0050528 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |access-date=13 March 2019 |language=ko}}</ref>}} Due to this constant massive influx of Balhae refugees, the Goguryeo population is speculated to have become dominant<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:후삼국통일(後三國統一)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%ED%9B%84%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC&ridx=0&tot=575|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:한성(漢城)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%ED%95%9C%EC%84%B1&ridx=1&tot=311|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref> in proportion compared to their Silla and Baekje counterparts that have experienced devastating war and political strife<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:김헌창의 난(金憲昌─亂)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EA%B9%80%ED%97%8C%EC%B0%BD%EC%9D%98%20%EB%82%9C&ridx=0&tot=3|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:원종 애노의 난(元宗哀奴─亂)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%95%A0%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%98%20%EB%82%9C&ridx=0&tot=1|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:적고적(赤袴賊)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81&ridx=0&tot=1|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref> since the advent of the Later Three Kingdoms. Later Baekje fared only little better than Later Silla before its fall in 936. Meanwhile, of the three capitals of Goryeo, two were Kaesong and Pyeongyang which were initially populated by Goguryeoic settlers from the Paeseo Region ({{Korean|hangul=패서|hanja=浿西|labels=no}}) and Balhae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kang|first=Ok-yeop|title=高麗時代의 西京制度 (The Seokyeong Policy of Goryeo)|url=http://db.history.go.kr/download.do?levelId=kn_092_0040&fileName=kn_092_0040.pdf|journal=[[Ewha Womans University]]|pages=100}}</ref>

[[Pamela Kyle Crossley|Crossley]] believes that according to Goryeo records, Balhae refugees only arrived in groups of a few hundred to a few thousand. She suggests that the total number could not be more than 100,000, while millions remained in Liao-controlled territories. According to Crossley, it is also unclear whether they stayed, went back to Balhae, or moved on elsewhere like China or Japan.<ref name="Crossley 2016"/> According to Kim, between the 10th and 11th centuries, 30,000 Balhae families (more than 100,000 people) immigrated to Goryeo, 94,000 local families (470,000 inhabitants) were deported by the Liao, and only 20,000 Balhae families lived in the former territories of Balhae, a significantly smaller figure than those that immigrated to Goryeo.{{sfn|Kim|2019|p=108, 110}} Korean historians generally estimate that approximately 100,000 to 200,000 fled from Balhae to Goryeo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=김 |first1=위현 |title=渤海遺民의 再建運動 : 後渤海와 大渤海}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=나 |first1=영남 |title=《요·금시대 이민족 지배와 발해인》. 외대 역사문화 연구총서 |date=2017 |publisher=History and Culture Research Series at the University of Foreign Studies}}</ref> Historian Professor Park Jong-gi estimated that 120,600 people fled from Balhae to Goryeo, and by themselves comprised approximately 6.3% of early Goryeo's roughly 2 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Sang-Do |script-title=ko:[평화칼럼] 발해 유민(遺民)과 꼬마 난민(難民) '쿠르디' |url=http://m.cpbc.co.kr/paper/view.php?cid=598022&path=201510 |website=Catholic Peace Newspaper |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

According to Kim, many Balhae refugees fled to Goryeo due to pro-Balhae policies during the mid 9th century. In the first few decades after Balhae's fall, Balhae refugees were welcomed by Goryeo. However, it seems few Balhae refugees retained high positions in Goryeo as service in the Khitan administration offered more benefits. Goryeo annals contain only six names of high-ranking officials who were of Balhae origin. From 1029 to 1030, the Khitan Administration was rocked by a rebellion by Balhae people after the government tried raising taxes on them. The leader of the rebellion was the Liao general [[Da Yanlin]], a 7th generation descendant of the founder of Balhae. He arrested and killed Khitan leaders and proclaimed the establishment of a new dynasty, [[Xingliao|Xing Liao]]. He sent an ambassador to Goryeo requesting military support. Goryeo sent some military troops against the Liao but the Khitans repelled them and expelled the Goryeo army. Some of Goryeo's officers sought further confrontation with the Liao, but the Goryeo diplomatic corps and nobility asked the Goryeo king to exercise caution. The Goryeo king decided to abandon military activities against the Liao. Despite this, Balhae people continued to send missions to Goryeo requesting assistance. The last mission, led by Lee Kwang Rok, arrived after the destruction of the state, and Kim considers this group as refugees, not members of an ambassadorial mission. Kim believes that in the 11th century, Balhae people under the Liao started viewing Goryeo as a hostile state in which the Balhae people lacked support.{{sfn|Kim|2019|p=109-1010}}