Editing Andes (section)

==Fauna==
[[File:Tunki Tanpupata.jpg|thumb|A male [[Andean cock-of-the-rock]], a species found in humid Andean forests and the [[national bird]] of Peru]]
[[File:Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg|thumb|Herds of [[alpaca]]s near [[Ausangate]] mountain]]
{{Main|Fauna of the Andes}}
The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 1,000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are [[endemism|endemic]] to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for [[amphibian]]s.<ref name="biodiv">[http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/andes/Pages/biodiversity.aspx Tropical Andes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222457/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/andes/Pages/biodiversity.aspx |date=21 August 2010 }} – biodiversityhotspots.org</ref> The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of [[mammal]]s (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of [[reptile]]s (about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic).<ref name="biodiv"/>

The [[vicuña]] and [[guanaco]] can be found living in the [[Altiplano]], while the closely related [[Domestication|domesticated]] [[llama]] and [[alpaca]] are widely kept by locals as [[pack animal]]s and for their [[meat]] and [[wool]]. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk) [[chinchilla]]s, two threatened members of the [[rodent]] order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions.<ref name=NeoMammals3>Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (2000). ''Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.'' {{ISBN|978-0-226-19542-1}}</ref><ref name=NeoMammals2>Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (1992). ''Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.'' {{ISBN|978-0-226-70682-5}}</ref> The [[Andean condor]], the largest bird of its kind in the [[Western Hemisphere]], occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities.<ref name=HAndesBirds>Fjeldsaa, J.; & Krabbe, N. (1990). ''Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America.'' {{ISBN|978-87-88757-16-3}}</ref> Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the [[Huemul (zoology)|huemul]], [[cougar]], foxes in the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]'',<ref name=NeoMammals3/><ref name=NeoMammals2/> and, for birds, certain species of [[tinamou]]s (notably members of the genus ''[[Nothoprocta]]''), [[Andean goose]], [[giant coot]], [[flamingo]]s (mainly associated with [[hypersaline]] lakes), [[lesser rhea]], [[Andean flicker]], [[diademed sandpiper-plover]], [[Geositta|miners]], [[Phrygilus|sierra-finches]] and [[Diuca|diuca-finches]].<ref name=HAndesBirds/>

[[Lake Titicaca]] hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered [[Titicaca flightless grebe]]<ref name=HAndesBirds/> and [[Titicaca water frog]].<ref name=ThreatenedAmph>Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). ''Threatened Amphibians of the World.'' {{ISBN|978-84-96553-41-5}}</ref> A few species of [[hummingbirds]], notably some [[Oreotrochilus|hillstars]], can be seen at altitudes above {{convert|4000|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}, but far higher [[Species richness|diversities]] can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("[[cloud forest]]s") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and far northwestern Argentina.<ref name=HAndesBirds/> These forest-types, which includes the [[Yungas]] and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened [[mountain tapir]], [[spectacled bear]], and [[yellow-tailed woolly monkey]].<ref name=NeoMammals3/>

Birds of humid Andean forests include [[mountain-toucan|mountain toucan]]s, [[quetzal]]s, and the [[Andean cock-of-the-rock]], while [[mixed species flock|mixed-species flock]]s dominated by [[tanagers]] and [[furnariids]] are commonly seen—in contrast to several vocal but typically [[crypsis|cryptic]] species of [[wrens]], [[tapaculo]]s, and [[antpitta]]s.<ref name=HAndesBirds/>

A number of species such as the [[royal cinclodes]] and [[white-browed tit-spinetail]] are associated with ''Polylepis'', and consequently also [[threatened]].<ref name=HAndesBirds/>