Editing Amsterdam (section)

==Demographics==
[[File:Amsterdam population pyramid.svg|thumb|Amsterdam population pyramid in 2022]]

===Historical population===
{{Historical populations
|title=Estimated population, 1300–1564
|cols=2
|percentages = pagr
|1300|1000
|1400|4700
|1514|11000
|1546|13200
|1557|22200
|1564|30900
|source=Bureau Monumentenzorg en Archeologie (1300)<ref name="BMA Gesch1">{{Cite web |title=History of Amsterdam, The Early History |url=http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402012355/http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |archive-date=2 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology)}}</ref><br />{{Harvnb|Ramaer|1921|pp=11–12, 181}} (1400 and 1564)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Dillen|1929|pp=xxv–xxvi}} (1514, 1546 and 1557)
}}
In 1300, Amsterdam's population was around 1,000 people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA140 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |date=18 June 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226034669 |pages=140}}</ref> While many towns in Holland experienced population decline during the 15th and 16th centuries, Amsterdam's population grew,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Paping |first=Richard |date=September 2014 |title=General Dutch population development 1400–1850 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=University of Groningen |page=12{{en dash}}13}}</ref> mainly due to the rise of the profitable [[Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)|Baltic maritime trade]] especially in grain after the Burgundian victory in the [[Dutch–Hanseatic War]] in 1441.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bogucka |first=M. |title=The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic region, 1400–1800 |chapter=The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century |date=1983 |pages=51–57 |editor-last=Wieringa |editor-first=W. J. |series=Werken |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-5952-6_7 |isbn=9789401759526}}</ref> The population of Amsterdam was only modest compared to the towns and cities of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], which comprised the most urbanized area of the Low Countries.<ref>Henk van Nierop, "Amsterdam", ''Oxford Bibliographies Online''. 28 March 2018. {{doi|10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0106}}; and Jessica Dijkman, ''Shaping Medieval Markets: The Organisation of Commodity Markets in Holland, {{circa|1200|1450}}'' (Leiden: Brill, 2011). {{ISBN|9789004201484}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1590–present<!--All data refers to the estimate on 31 December of the said year-->
|cols=2
|1590|41362
|1600|59551
|1610|82742
|1620|106500
|1630|135439
|1640|162388
|1650|176873
|1660|192767
|1670|206188
|1680|219098
|1690|224393
|1700|235224
|1710|239149
|1720|241447
|1730|239866
|1740|237582
|1750|233952
|1760|240862
|1770|239056
|1780|228938
|1790|214473
|1800|203485
|1810|201347
|1820|197831
|1830|206383
|1840|214367
|1850|223700
|1860|244050
|1870|279221
|1880|323784
|1890|417539
|1900|520602
|1910|573983
|1920|647427
|1930|757386
|1940|800594
|1950|835834
|1960|869602
|1970|831463
|1980|716967
|1990|695221
|2000|731289
|2010|767773
|2020|872380
|source={{Harvnb|Nusteling|1985|p=240}} (1590–1670)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}} (1680–1880)<br />[https://api.data.amsterdam.nl/dcatd/datasets/bx_HyaOipADV-Q/purls/12 Department for Research, Information and Statistics] (1890–present)<!--Van Leeuwen and Oeppen use data from the Municipal Bureau of Statistics (precursor to the Department for Research, Information and Statistics) for their estimates from the year 1811 onward, and as a consequence, their data corresponds to official census data. Van Leeuwen and Oeppen's estimations begin to diverge from the official data from 1896 onward, however, as they, for their article, do not include the population of the annexed territory of the neighboring municipality of Nieuwer-Amstel in their estimates (see Van Leeuwen and Oeppen (1993:69)).-->}}

This changed when, during the [[Dutch Revolt]], many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after [[Fall of Antwerp|Antwerp fell to Spanish forces]] in 1585. Jews from Spain, Portugal, and Eastern Europe similarly settled in Amsterdam, as did Germans and Scandinavians.<ref name=":1" /> In thirty years, Amsterdam's population more than doubled between 1585 and 1610.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prak |first=Maarten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjTSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age |date=22 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316342480 |pages=252}}</ref> By 1600, its population was around 50,000.<ref name=":0" /> During the 1660s, Amsterdam's population reached 200,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liedtke |first1=Walter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZxWaNlQKiYC&pg=PA197 |title=Vermeer and the Delft School |last2=Vermeer |first2=Johannes |last3=Plomp |first3=Michiel |last4=Rüger |first4=Axel |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9780870999734 |pages=197}}</ref> The city's growth levelled off and the population stabilized around 240,000 for most of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Freek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yAvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |title=Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century |date=28 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134797042}}</ref>

In 1750, Amsterdam was the [[List of largest European cities in history|fourth largest city in Western Europe]], behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hood |first=Clifton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis |date=8 November 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231542951 |pages=14}}</ref> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the [[Dutch Republic]], which itself was a much smaller state than Great Britain, France or the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as [[Leiden]] (about 67,000), [[Rotterdam]] (45,000), [[Haarlem]] (38,000), and [[Utrecht]] (30,000).{{sfn|Frijhoff|Prak|2005|p=9}}

The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engeli |first1=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook |last2=Matzerath |first2=Horst |date=1989 |publisher=Berg |isbn=9780854960408}}</ref> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<ref>{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}}</ref> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialization spurred renewed growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Floud |first1=Roderick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870 |last2=Humphries |first2=Jane |last3=Johnson |first3=Paul |date=9 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316061152 |pages=15{{em dash}}16}}</ref> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mulder |first1=Eduardo F. J. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I75mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography |last2=Pater |first2=Ben C. De |last3=Fortuijn |first3=Joos C. Droogleever |date=28 July 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319750736 |pages=152}}</ref> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called ''groeikernen'' (growth centres) such as [[Purmerend]] and [[Almere]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Wouden |first=Ries |date=2016 |title=The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988{{em dash}}2015 |url=https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |url-status=dead |journal=The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) |volume=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131635/https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Musterd |first1=Sako |last2=Ostendorf |first2=Wim |date=3 April 2008 |title=Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Urban Research & Practice |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–92 |doi=10.1080/17535060701795389 |issn=1753-5069 |s2cid=11761206|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tzaninis |first1=Yannis |last2=Boterman |first2=Willem |date=2 January 2018 |title=Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy |journal=City |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=43–62 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143 |bibcode=2018City...22...43T |issn=1360-4813 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced a sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<ref name=":2" /> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Gent |first=W.P.C. |date=2008 |title=The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighborhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=University of Amsterdam |page=148}}</ref> This was soon followed by [[reurbanization]] and [[gentrification]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261842243 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Population Space and Place}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration |url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Statistics Netherlands|date=8 November 2017 }}</ref>

===Diversity and immigration===

In the 16th and 17th centuries, non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Protestant [[Huguenot]]s and [[Flemish people|Flemings]], [[Sephardic Jews]], and [[Westphalia]]ns. Huguenots came after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the [[Eighty Years' War]] against Catholic Spain. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons; their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Before the Second World War, 10% of the city population was [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Jewish]]. Just twenty percent of them survived [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Netherlands |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-netherlands |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities,<ref>[http://www.ois.amsterdam.nl/nieuwsarchief/2014/amsterdam-groeit-door Onderzoek, Informatie en Statistiek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522051945/http://www.ois.amsterdam.nl/nieuwsarchief/2014/amsterdam-groeit-door|date=22 May 2016}}, Gemeente Amsterdam</ref> Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world.<ref>Quest, issue of March 2009</ref> The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam in cijfers 2010 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318161044/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |archive-date=18 March 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Os.amsterdam.nl}}</ref> and 88% of the population are Dutch citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2014 |title=Inwoneraantal Amsterdam blijft groeien – Gemeente Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141125150238/http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s [[Foreign worker|guest workers]] from Turkey, Morocco, Italy, and Spain immigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area. Other immigrants, including refugees [[Right of asylum|asylum seekers]] and [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]], came from Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like [[Almere]] and [[Purmerend]], prompted by the third [[Land-use planning]] bill of the Dutch Government. This bill promoted suburbanization and arranged for new developments in so-called "groeikernen", literally ''cores of growth''. Young professionals and artists moved into neighborhoods [[De Pijp]] and the [[Jordaan]] abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the [[Public housing|social housing]] projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. 

In 2006, people of non-Western origin made up approximately one-fifth of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 30% of the city's children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background | date=August 2006 |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2006/2006-1995-wm.htm?RefererType=Favorite |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref><ref name="OS 4351">{{Cite web |title=Bevolking naar herkomstgroepering, 1&nbsp;January 2001–2006 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807180418/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek (Research and Statistics Service) |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2004 |title=Most foreign babies born in big cities |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2004/2004-1443-wm.htm |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref> A slight majority of the residents of Amsterdam have at least one parent who was born outside the country. However, a much larger majority has at least one parent who was born inside the country (intercultural marriages are common in the city). Only a third of inhabitants under 15 are ''[[Indigenous peoples|autochthons]] (''person with two parents of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] origin).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Jendra |date=28 March 2017 |title=Wit is de 'nieuwe minderheid' in grote steden |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/wit-is-de-nieuwe-minderheid-in-grote-steden~ae48e435/ |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Trouw.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=People with two Dutch parents becoming a minority in Amsterdam; study |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/07/30/people-two-dutch-parents-becoming-minority-amsterdam-study |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240908034819/https://nltimes.nl/2023/07/30/people-two-dutch-parents-becoming-minority-amsterdam-study#selection-1039.13-1039.21 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=NL Times}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Indigenous peoples|autochthons]]'' were a minority in 40% of Amsterdam's neighborhoods.<ref name=":10" /> Segregation along ethnic lines is visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by [[Statistics Netherlands]], concentrating in specific neighborhoods especially in [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]], [[Zeeburg]], [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] and in certain areas of [[Amsterdam-Noord]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Statistics on a map |newspaper=NRC |date=14 February 2012 |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/02/14/statistiek-saai-cbs-cijfers-komen-tot-leven-op-een-kaart/ |language=nl |last1=Poort |first1=Arlen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Neighborhood |url=http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl/#pageLocation=index |language=nl}}</ref>

In 2000, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (8%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |title=Religie Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004546/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Onderzoek en Statistiek: 'Geloven in Amsterdam' |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 2015, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (7.1%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Bevolking naar meest voorkomende migratieachtergrond (meer dan 1.300 personen per groep), 1 januari 2016-2024 |url=https://onderzoek.amsterdam.nl/dataset/stand-van-de-bevolking-amsterdam |website=Gemeente Amsterdam - Onderzoek en Statistiek - StatLine (CBS)}}</ref> Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands that provided immigrants with extensive and free [[Dutch language|Dutch-language]] courses, which have benefited many immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch for foreigners |url=http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143501/http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=INTT |publisher=University of Amsterdam}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right left;font-size: 80%;"
! colspan="15" |Origin<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37713/table |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85458NED/table?ts=1739733575323 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Background group
! colspan="2" |1996
! colspan="2" |2000
! colspan="2" |2005
! colspan="2" |2010
! colspan="2" |2015
! colspan="2" |2020
! colspan="2" |2024
|-
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
!Numbers
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dutch natives
!419,863
!58.5%
!406,727
!55.6%
!384,155
!51.7%
!384,480
!50%
!402,105
!48.9%
!387,775
!44.43%
!375,842
!40.4%
|-
!Western [[migration background]]
!94,955
!13.2%
!97 232
!13.3%
!104,452
!14.1%
!114,730
!14.9%
!134,524
!16.4%
!170 164
!19.5%
!–
!–
|-
|''{{flag|Germany}}''
|18 475
|
|17 451
|
|17 070
|
|17 099
|
|17 688
|
|19 374
|
|21,179
|
|-
|''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''
|7 817
|
|7 927
|
|9 315
|
|9 841
|
|11 463
|
|15 338
|
|17,028
|
|-
|''{{flag|United States}}''
|4 015
|
|4 785
|
|5 891
|
|6 540
|
|7 872
|
|11 582
|
|14,696
|
|-
|''{{flag|Italy}}''
|3 509
|
|3 689
|
|4 148
|
|4 972
|
|7 062
|
|11 462
|
|14,427
|
|-
|''{{flag|France}}''
|3 038
|
|3 456
|
|4 058
|
|4 945
|
|6 379
|
|9 316
|
|11,972
|
|-
!Non-Western [[migration background]]
!203,301
!28.3%
!227 329
!31.1%
!254,176
!34.2%
!268,247
!35%
!285,123
!34.7%
!314,818
!36.07%
!–
!–
|-
|''{{flag|Morocco}}''
|47 723
|
|54 722
|
|64 385
|
|69 433
|
|74 254
|
|77,210
|8.85%
|79,157
|
|-
|''{{flag|Suriname}}''
|69 095
|
|71 218
|
|70 380
|
|68 938
|
|66 638
|
|64,218
|7.36%
|62 174
|
|-
|''{{flag|Turkey}}''
|30 864
|
|33 705
|
|37 957
|
|40 365
|
|42 375
|
|44,465
|5.09%
|46 820
|
|-
|''{{flag|Indonesia}}''
|28 489
|
|28 037
|
|26 900
|
|26 436
|
|26 091
|
|24,075
|2.76%
|23,242
|
|-
|''{{flagicon|Netherlands Antilles}} [[Netherlands Antilles|Dutch Antilles]] and [[Aruba]]''
|10 003
|
|11 122
|
|11 500
|
|11 707
|
|12 141
|
|12,174
|1.39%
|12 833
|
|-
|''{{flag|Ghana}}''
|6 859
|
|8 574
|
|10 167
|
|10 944
|
|11 884
|
|11 884
|
|13 864
|
|-
|''{{flag|Somalia}}''
|677
|
|1 179
|
|991
|
|1 071
|
|1 492
|
|1 714
|
|2 010
|
|-
|''{{flag|Iraq}}''
|1 027
|
|2 113
|
|2 536
|
|2 626
|
|2 701
|
|3 080
|
|3 352
|
|-
!Non-Dutch [[migration background]]
!298,256
!41.5%
!324,561
!44.4%
!358,628
!48.3%
!382,977
!50%
!419,647
!51.9%
!484,982
!55.6%
!555,456
!59.6%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!718,119
!100%
!731,288
!100%
!742,783
!100%
!767,457
!100%
!821,752
!100%
!872,757
!100%
!931,298
!100%
|}

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion in Amsterdam (2015)<ref name="random">{{Cite web |title=Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek naar gemeenten 2010–2015 |url=https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2016/51/kerkelijke%20gezindte%20en%20kerkbezoek%20naar%20gemeenten.xlsx |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Irreligion|Non affiliated]]
|value1 = 62.2
|color1 = WhiteSmoke
|label2 = [[Catholic Church in the Netherlands|Catholic Church]]
|value2 = 13.3
|color2 = DarkOrchid
|label3 = [[Protestant Church in the Netherlands|Protestant Church]]
|value3 = 9.8
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other [[Christian denominations|Christian]]
|value4 = 5.8
|color4 = DarkBlue
|label5 = [[Islam in the Netherlands|Islam]]
|value5 = 7.1
|color5 = Green
|label6 = [[Hinduism in the Netherlands|Hinduism]]
|value6 = 1.1
|color6 = Orange
|label7 = [[Buddhism in the Netherlands|Buddhism]]
|value7 = 1.0
|color7 = Yellow
|label8 = [[Judaism in the Netherlands|Judaism]]
|value8 = 0.7
|color8 = Blue
}}
In 1578, the largely Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9dALHk8-OUC&pg=PA558 |title=World and Its Peoples |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761478904 |pages=558}}</ref> late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Esser |first=Raingard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kamfdUXkVsIC&pg=PA34 |title=The Politics of Memory: The Writing of Partition in the Seventeenth-Century Low Countries |date=17 February 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004208070 |pages=34}}</ref> Catholic priests were driven out of the city.<ref name=":3" /> Following the Dutch takeover, all churches were converted to Protestant worship.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyGSyhojZxcC&pg=PA58 |title=Let's Go Amsterdam 5th Edition |date=27 November 2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780312374549 |pages=58}}</ref> [[Calvinism]] was declared the main religion.<ref name=":4" /> It was forbidden to openly profess [[Roman Catholicism]] and the [[Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands|Catholic hierarchy was prohibited until the mid-19th century]]. This led to the establishment of [[clandestine church]]es, covert religious buildings hidden in pre-existing buildings. Catholics, some Jews, and dissenting Protestants worshipped in such buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stiefel |first=Barry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730 |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317320326 |pages=67}}</ref> A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-century Amsterdam, in particular [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] from Spain and Portugal,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |date=Fall 1989 |title=Sephardic Immigration into the Dutch Republic, 1595–1672 |journal=Studia Rosenthaliana |volume=23 |pages=45{{em dash}}53 |jstor=41481727}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warshawsky |first=Matthew D. |date=July 2018 |title="All True, All Holy, All Divine": Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam |journal=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=267{{em dash}}283 |doi=10.1353/jji.2018.0017 |quote=During the 1600s, Amsterdam stood out from these other locales as a center of settlement by people of Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish |s2cid=165686842 | issn = 1939-7941}}</ref> [[Huguenot]]s from France,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRb-P3HRuvkC&pg=PA17 |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |date=30 March 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521651141 |pages=17}}</ref> [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Mennonites]], as well as Protestants from across the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terpstra |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation |date=23 July 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316351901}}</ref> This led to the establishment of many non-Dutch-speaking churches.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} In 1603, the Jewish received permission to practice their religion in the city. In 1639, the first synagogue was consecrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiefel |first=Barry |date=1 January 2011 |title=The Architectural Origins of the Great Early Modern Urban Synagogue |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=105–134 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybr006 |issn=0075-8744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Jews came to call the town "[[Jerusalem of the West]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=Geert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFXrynNBj_0C&pg=PA108 |title=Amsterdam: A brief life of the city |date=30 September 2010 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781409000853 |pages=108}}</ref>

As they became established in the city, other [[Christian denominations]] used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest English-language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom is found at the [[Begijnhof, Amsterdam|Begijnhof]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002498262...|title=A Short historical sketch of the English Reformed Church, Bagynhof, Amsterdam : along with an account of the tercentennial celebrations held on the 1st and 3rd February, 1907}}</ref> Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref name="englishchurch">{{Cite web |title=English Reformed Church Amsterdam |url=http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124020021/http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |archive-date=24 January 2005 |access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> Being Calvinists, the Huguenots soon integrated into the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonly referred to by the moniker 'Walloon', are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]], Jews from [[Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]]. Jews often fled the [[pogrom]]s in those areas. The first Ashkenazis who arrived in Amsterdam were [[refugee]]s from the [[Khmelnytsky uprising]] occurring in Ukraine and the [[Thirty Years' War]], which devastated much of Central Europe. They not only founded their own synagogues but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding a large [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] local vocabulary.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=History of Jews in Amsterdam |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-of-jews-in-amsterdam |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> Despite an absence of an official Jewish [[ghetto]], most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part, which used to be the centre of medieval Amsterdam. The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was Jodenbreestraat. The neighbourhood comprised the [[Waterlooplein]] and the [[Nieuwmarkt]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Jodenbuurt Amsterdam">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse wijken |url=http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125140019/http://www.amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |archive-date=25 January 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Buildings in this neighbourhood fell into disrepair after the Second World War<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=In Anne Frank's childhood neighborhood, the buildings do not forget |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-anne-franks-childhood-neighborhood-the-buildings-do-not-forget/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the metro system. This led to riots, and as a result, the original plans for large-scale reconstruction were abandoned by the government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duin |first=Leen van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SKP1ss_ckC&pg=PA69 |title=The Urban Project: Architectural Intervention in Urban Areas |date=2009 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9781586039998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PkSAQAAMAAJ |title=The Jewish Week and the American Examiner |date=12 January 1974 |publisher=Jewish Week and the American Examiner, Incorporated}}</ref> The neighbourhood was rebuilt with smaller-scale residence buildings based on its original layout.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=New cultural quarter resurrects Amsterdam's Jewish past |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/new-cultural-quarter-resurrects-amsterdams-jewish-past/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

[[File:Westerkerk Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|The [[Westerkerk]] in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches]]
Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pope Pius IX |date=4 March 1853|editor-last=de Martinis|editor-first=Raffaele |title=Ex qua die arcano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp0sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA158 |journal=Iuris Pontificii de Propaganda Fide: Pars Prima, Complectens Bullas, Brevia Acta S.S. A Congregationis Institutione Ad Praesens Iuxta Temporis Seriem Disposita |language=la |location=Rome |publisher=Ex Typographia Polyglotta|publication-date=1894 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=158–161 |oclc=3342505}} Translated in {{Cite book |title=Further papers regarding the relation of foreign states with the Court of Rome: presented to the House of Commons by command of Her Majesty, in pursuance of their address of June 14, 1853 |publisher=Harrison and Son |year=1853 |location=London |pages=61–65 |chapter=XIIIb: the apostolic letters of the most holy Lord Pius IX, by Divine Providence, pope, by which letters the episcopal hierarchy was re-established in Holland |oclc=80498785 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61}}</ref> One of the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, [[Pierre Cuypers|Cuypers]], was also responsible for the Amsterdam Centraal station and the {{Lang|nl|[[Rijksmuseum]]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maeyer |first=Jan de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VsLdTWjlnoC&pg=PA191 |title=Renaissance de L'enluminure Médiévale: Manuscrits Et Enluminures Belges Du XIXe Siègle Et Leur Contexte Européen |date=2007 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=9789058675910 |pages=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jong |first1=Taeke M. de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHlB4n_A86cC&pg=PA118 |title=Ways to Study and Research: Urban, Architectural, and Technical Design |last2=Voordt |first2=D. J. M. van der |date=2002 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9789040723322 |pages=118}}</ref>

In 1924, the [[Catholic Church]] hosted the [[Eucharistic congress|International Eucharistic Congress]] in Amsterdam;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkfleet |first=C. J. |date=April 1926 |title=International Eucharistic Congresses |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |jstor=25012268}}</ref> numerous Catholic [[prelate]]s visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5cOAQAAIAAJ |title=Illinois Catholic Historical Review |date=1925 |publisher=Illinois Catholic Historical Society.}}</ref> Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZYEAAAAMAAJ |title=Catholic World |date=1924 |publisher=Paulist Fathers |pages=845}}</ref> Only in the 20th century was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalised,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arab |first=Pooyan Tamimi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFi6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Amplifying Islam in the European Soundscape: Religious Pluralism and Secularism in the Netherlands |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781474291446 |pages=173}}</ref> but despite its far larger population size, the episcopal see of the city was placed in the provincial town of [[Haarlem]].<ref name="Diocese of Haarlem">{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Haarlem |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614173747/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Catholic Hierarchy}}</ref>

Historically, Amsterdam has been predominantly Christian. In 1900 Christians formed the largest [[religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (70% of the population), [[Dutch Reformed Church]] formed 45% of the city population, and the Catholic Church formed 25% of the city population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf|title=Geloven in Amsterdam|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724083310/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by immigration from former colonies. [[Hinduism]] has been introduced from the Hindu diaspora from Suriname<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swamy |first=Priya |date=17 November 2017 |title=Valuing flexible citizenship: producing Surinamese Hindu citizens at a primary school in The Hague |journal=Citizenship Studies |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1052–1066 |doi=10.1080/13621025.2017.1361905 |issn=1362-1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and several distinct branches of Islam have been brought from various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avest |first1=K. H. (Ina) Ter |last2=Wingerden |first2=M. (Marjoke) Rietveld-van |date=2 September 2017 |title=Half a century of Islamic education in Dutch schools |journal=British Journal of Religious Education |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1080/01416200.2015.1128391 |issn=0141-6200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam.<ref name="random" /> The large community of Ghanaian immigrants has established African churches,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessel |first=Ineke van |title=Merchants, Missionaries & Migrants: 300 Years of Dutch-Ghanaian Relations |date=2002 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=9789988550776 |chapter=Ghanaian churches in the Netherlands: Religion mediating a tense relationship |chapter-url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9656/ASC-1267364-025.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> often in parking garages in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u46fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Religion, Ethnicity and Transnational Migration between West Africa and Europe |date=15 May 2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004271562 |pages=179}}</ref>