Editing American bison (section)

===Horning===
Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They rub their horns against trees, young saplings, and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense, as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest.<ref name=Coppedge1997>{{cite journal|author=Coppedge, B. R.|author2=Carter, T.S.|author3=Shaw, J.H.|author4=Hamilton, R.G. |year=1997|title=Agonistic behavior associated with orphan bison (''Bison bison'') claves released into a mixed resident population|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00035-X|volume=55|issue=1–2|pages=1–10}}</ref> Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.<ref name=Coppedge1997/>