Editing Airbus A330 (section)

==Design==
[[File:cyprus airways a330-200 5b-dbs arp.jpg|thumb|A330-200 planform view, showing its 10.06 [[wing aspect ratio]] and 30° [[wing sweep]]|alt=The undercarriage of an A330 have been retracted, showing an underside view of an A330 during flight. Under each wing is a turbofan engine.]]
[[File:Aer Lingus A330-200 Economy cabin EI-DAA.jpg|thumb|Eight-abreast, 2–4–2 economy class]]
[[File:A330 Cockpit.jpg|thumb|The [[fly-by-wire]] A330/A340 retains the [[Airbus A320|A320]]'s six-screen [[glass cockpit]].|alt=Cockpit of the A330. All instruments and displays are switched on. Two seats occupy both sides of the cockpit, separated by a centre console.]]

The A330 is a medium-size, wide-body aircraft, with two engines suspended on pylons under the wings. A two-wheel nose undercarriage and two four-wheel [[Bogie#Bogie (aircraft)|bogie]] main legs built by [[Safran Landing Systems|Messier-Dowty]] support the aeroplane on the ground. Its [[maximum takeoff weight|MTOW]] grew from {{Convert|212|t|lb|sigfig=3}} at introduction to {{Convert|242|t|lb|sigfig=3}} in 2015, enhancing its payload-range performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=The A330 Family |url=http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/presskits/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=108546 |publisher=Airbus |date=May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185022/http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/presskits/?eID=maglisting_push&tx_maglisting_pi1%5BdocID%5D=108546 |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> [[John Leahy (executive)|John Leahy]] states that originally the A330 was intentionally being held down in takeoff weight and performance in order to avoid overlapping with the A340.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/01/12/time-unwind-get-healthy-eat-right-avoid-jet-lag-says-airbus-leahy/ |title= It's time to unwind, get healthy, eat right and avoid jet lag, says Airbus' Leahy |date= 12 January 2018 |work= Leeham}}</ref>

The airframe of the A330 features a low-wing [[Cantilever#Aircraft|cantilever monoplane]] with a wing virtually identical to that of the A340-200/300. On the A330-300, one engine is installed at the inboard pylon while the outboard pylon position is not used; for the A340-300, both engine pylons are used, which allows the A340-300 wing to sustain a higher (wing-limited) MTOW. This is as the A340's two engines at each wing provide a more equal force distribution (engine weight) over the wing, while also the total engine weight counteracting moment is located more outboard with more engine weight located further outboard on the wing, hence the wing root bending moment with equal TOW is less on the A340-300 than on the A330-300. The A340 has a longer range and heavier payload, while the A330 has better fuel economy over the same distance.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/01/12/time-unwind-get-healthy-eat-right-avoid-jet-lag-says-airbus-leahy/ |title= It's time to unwind, get healthy, eat right and avoid jet lag, says Airbus' Leahy |date= 12 January 2018 |work= Leeham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LoProto |first=Mark |date=2024-05-29 |title=Everything You Need To Know About The Airbus A330 And A340 Passenger Jets |url=https://www.slashgear.com/1586922/everything-to-know-airbus-a330-a340/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=SlashGear |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Bsn|reason=Not sure if current source is a RS ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}

The wings were designed and manufactured by BAe, which developed a long slender wing with a very high aspect ratio to provide high aerodynamic efficiency.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|pages=50–51}}{{efn|The higher the aspect ratio, the greater the aerodynamic efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/geom.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=17 March 2011|title=Wing Geometry Definitions|quote=A higher aspect ratio wing has a lower drag and a slightly higher lift than a lower aspect ratio wing.}}</ref>}} The wing is swept back at 30 degrees and, along with other design features, allows a maximum operating [[Mach number]] of 0.86.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|p=50}}<ref name="Airbus_A330-300_specs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a330-family/a330-300.html |title=Airbus A330-300 |publisher= Airbus |access-date= 6 November 2018 }}</ref> To reach a long span and high [[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect ratio]] without a large weight penalty, the wing has relatively high [[thickness-to-chord ratio]] of 11.8%<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/arbeiten/TextCiornei.pdf |title= Mach number, relative thickness, sweep and lift coefficient of the wing – An empirical investigation of parameters and equations |author= Simona Ciornei |date= 31 May 2005 |publisher= Hamburg University of Applied Sciences}}</ref> or 12.8%.{{sfn|Gunston|2009|p=195}}{{efn|This is the thickness to chord ratio of the early Airbus A340 variants, which share the same wing with the A330.}} Jet airliners have Thickness-to-chord ratios ranging from 9.4% ([[MD-11]] or [[Boeing 747]]) to 13% ([[Avro RJ]] or [[737 Classic]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://booksite.elsevier.com/9780340741528/appendices/data-a/default.htm |title=Aircraft Data File |publisher= Elsevier |work= Civil Jet Aircraft Design |date= July 1999}}</ref> Each wing also has a {{cvt|2.74|m|adj=on|sigfig=3}} tall [[Wingtip device|winglet]] instead of the wingtip fences found on earlier Airbus aircraft.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|p=31}}

The shared wing design with the A340 allowed the A330 to incorporate aerodynamic features developed for the former aircraft.{{sfn|Gunston|2009|p=188}} The failure of [[International Aero Engines]]' radical [[High-bypass turbofan|ultra-high-bypass]] V2500 "SuperFan", which had promised around 15 per cent [[Fuel efficiency|fuel burn reduction]] for the A340, led to multiple enhancements including wing upgrades to compensate.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|p=31}}{{sfn|Gunston|2009|p=197}} Originally designed with a {{cvt|56|m|sigfig=2}} [[Wingspan|span]], the wing was later extended to {{cvt|58.6|m|sigfig=2}} and finally to {{cvt|60.3|m|sigfig=2}}.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|p=31}} At {{cvt|60.3|m|ft|sigfig=2}}, the wingspan is similar to that of the larger [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200]], but with 35 percent less wing area.{{sfn|Norris|Wagner|2001|p=50}}<ref name=Airbus_A330-300_specs />

The A330 and A340 fuselage is based on that of the [[Airbus A300-600]], with many common parts, and has the same external and cabin width: {{cvt|5.64|m|sigfig=2}} and {{cvt|5.26|m|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Airbus_A330-200_specs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a330-family/a330-200.html |title=Airbus A330-200 |publisher= Airbus |access-date= 6 November 2018 }}</ref> Typical seating arrangements are 2–2–2 six-abreast in [[business class]] and 2–4–2 eight-abreast in [[economy class]].<ref name=A330_airport_report /> The fin, rudder, elevators, horizontal tail plane (used as fuel tank), flaps, ailerons, and spoilers are made of [[composite material]]s, making 10% of the structure weight.<ref>{{cite web |title= Composites in Airbus |publisher= Airbus |work= Global Investor Forum |date= 2008 |url= https://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2008/presentations/GIF2008/gif2008_workshop_composites_hellard.pdf |access-date= 21 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161004204641/https://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2008/presentations/GIF2008/gif2008_workshop_composites_hellard.pdf |archive-date= 4 October 2016 |url-status= dead}}</ref> When necessary, the A330 uses the Honeywell 331–350C [[auxiliary power unit]] (APU) to provide pneumatics and electrical power.<ref name="Product Catalog">{{cite web|url=https://commerce.honeywell.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ECategoryDisplay?catalogId=10101&storeId=10651&categoryId=32443&langId=-1 |title=Product Catalog |publisher=Honeywell |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215914/https://commerce.honeywell.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ECategoryDisplay?catalogId=10101&storeId=10651&categoryId=32443&langId=-1 |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

The A330 shares the same glass cockpit flight deck layout as the A320 and the A340, featuring electronic instrument displays rather than mechanical gauges.<ref>{{cite web|title=A330 Family / cockpit|publisher=Airbus S.A.S. |url=http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a330family/commonality/|access-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130024020/http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a330family/commonality/ |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> Instead of a conventional [[Yoke (aircraft)|control yoke]], the flight deck features [[side-stick]] controls, six main displays, and the [[Electronic Flight Instrument System]] (EFIS), which covers navigation and flight displays, as well as the [[Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor]] (ECAM).<ref name="A330_aero-tech.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a330/ |title=Airbus A330 Wide-Bodied Medium/Long-Range Twin-Engine Airliner, Europe |publisher=Aerospace-technology.com |access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/plane/airbus/A330/misc/A330_Flight_Deck_and_Systems_Briefing_For_Pilots.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228233548/http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/plane/airbus/A330/misc/A330_Flight_Deck_and_Systems_Briefing_For_Pilots.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-12-28 |access-date=2015-07-04 |title=A330 Flight deck and systems briefing for pilots |publisher=Airbus S.A.S. |page=173 |date=March 1999}}</ref> Apart from the flight deck, the A330 also has the fly-by-wire system common to the A320 family, the A340, the [[Airbus A350|A350]], and the [[Airbus A380|A380]]. It also features three primary and two secondary [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control systems]], as well as a [[flight envelope]] limit protection system which prevents maneuvers from exceeding the aircraft's aerodynamic and structural limits.<ref name=A330_aero-tech.com />