Editing Agent Orange (section)

====U.S. Public Health Service====
Publications by the [[United States Public Health Service]] have shown that Vietnam veterans, overall, have increased rates of cancer, and nerve, digestive, skin, and respiratory disorders. The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] notes that in particular, there are higher rates of acute/chronic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, throat cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, [[Ischemic heart disease]], soft tissue sarcoma, and liver cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.va.gov/epidemiology/studies/heroes/index.asp|title=Vietnam Era Health Retrospective Observational Study |publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs |language=en|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131928/http://www.publichealth.va.gov/epidemiology/studies/heroes/index.asp|archive-date=2017-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |date=1987-02-13 |title=Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study |journal=JAMA |volume=257 |issue=6 |pages=790–795 |pmid=3027422 |doi=10.1001/jama.1987.03390060080028|hdl=2027/ucbk.ark:/28722/h27w6770k |hdl-access=free}}</ref> With the exception of liver cancer, these are the same conditions the [[U.S. Veterans Administration]] has determined may be associated with exposure to Agent Orange/dioxin and are on the list of conditions eligible for compensation and treatment.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/><ref name="va-03-2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/diseases.asp |title=Agent Orange: Diseases Associated with Agent Orange Exposure |publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs |date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=May 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509191150/http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/diseases.asp |archive-date=May 9, 2010}}</ref>

Military personnel who were involved in storage, mixture and transportation (including aircraft mechanics), and actual use of the chemicals were probably among those who received the heaviest exposures.{{sfn|Frumkin|2003|p=257}} Military members who served on Okinawa also claim to have been exposed to the chemical, but there is no verifiable evidence to corroborate these claims.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Jon |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110412zg.html |title=Evidence for Agent Orange on Okinawa |newspaper=[[Japan Times]] |date=April 12, 2011 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011091450/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110412zg.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>

Some studies have suggested that veterans exposed to Agent Orange may be more at risk of developing prostate cancer<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chamie |first1=Karim |last2=deVere White |first2=Ralph W. |last3=Lee |first3=Denis |last4=Ok |first4=Joonha |last5=Ellison |first5=Lars M. |title=Agent Orange exposure, Vietnam War veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer |journal=Cancer |date=17 October 2008 |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=2464–2470 |doi=10.1002/cncr.23695 |pmid=18666213 |s2cid=7623342 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and potentially more than twice as likely to develop higher-grade, more lethal prostate cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansbaugh |first1=Nathan |last2=Shannon |first2=Jackilen |last3=Mori |first3=Motomi |last4=Farris |first4=Paige E. |last5=Garzotto |first5=Mark |title=Agent Orange as a risk factor for high-grade prostate cancer |journal=Cancer |date=1 July 2013 |volume=119 |issue=13 |pages=2399–2404 |doi=10.1002/cncr.27941 |pmid=23670242 |pmc=4090241 |ref=Garzotto, 2013}}</ref> However, a critical analysis of these studies and 35 others consistently found that there was no significant increase in prostate cancer incidence or mortality in those exposed to Agent Orange or 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-''p''-dioxin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=ET |last2=Boffetta |first2=P |last3=Adami |first3=HO |last4=Cole |first4=P |last5=Mandel |first5=JS |title=A critical review of the epidemiology of Agent Orange/TCDD and prostate cancer |journal=Eur J Epidemiol |date=2014 |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=667–723 |doi=10.1007/s10654-014-9931-2 |pmid=25064616 |pmc=4197347 |ref=Chang, 2014}}</ref>