Editing Acoustics (section)

== Subdisciplines ==

===Archaeoacoustics===
{{Main|Archaeoacoustics}}
[[File:Gibraltar 2015 10 19 1964 (24110677143).jpg|thumb|St. Michael's Cave]]
[[Archaeoacoustics]], also known as the archaeology of sound, is one of the only ways to experience the past with senses other than our eyes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/|title=Archaeoacoustics: Listening to the Sounds of History|last=Clemens|first=Martin J.|date=2016-01-31|website=The Daily Grail|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-04-13|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413223442/https://www.dailygrail.com/2016/01/archaeoacoustics-listening-to-the-sounds-of-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeoacoustics is studied by testing the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites, including caves. Iegor Rezkinoff, a sound archaeologist, studies the acoustic properties of caves through natural sounds like humming and whistling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/archaeoacoustics|title=With Archaeoacoustics, Researchers Listen for Clues to the Prehistoric Past|last=Jacobs|first=Emma|date=2017-04-13|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413221942/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/archaeoacoustics|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological theories of acoustics are focused around ritualistic purposes as well as a way of echolocation in the caves. In archaeology, acoustic sounds and rituals directly correlate as specific sounds were meant to bring ritual participants closer to a spiritual awakening.<ref name=":0" /> Parallels can also be drawn between cave wall paintings and the acoustic properties of the cave; they are both dynamic.<ref name=":1" /> Because archaeoacoustics is a fairly new archaeological subject, acoustic sound is still being tested in these prehistoric sites today.

===Aeroacoustics===
{{main|Aeroacoustics}}

[[Aeroacoustics]] is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge was applied in the 1920s and '30s to detect aircraft before [[radar]] was invented and is applied in [[acoustical engineering]] to study how to quieten [[aircraft]]. Aeroacoustics is important for understanding how wind [[musical instrument]]s work.<ref>{{cite book|last=da Silva|first=Andrey Ricardo|title=Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods|year=2009|publisher=VDM Verlag|isbn=978-3639210644}}</ref>

===Acoustic signal processing===
{{see also|Audio signal processing}}

Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals. Applications include: [[active noise control]]; design for [[hearing aid]]s or [[cochlear implant]]s; [[echo cancellation]]; [[music information retrieval]], and perceptual coding (e.g. [[MP3]] or [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Slaney|first=Malcolm|author-link=Malcolm Slaney|author2=Patrick A. Naylor|title=Trends in Audio and Acoustic Signal Processing|journal=[[ICASSP]]|date=2011}}</ref>

===Architectural acoustics===
{{main|Architectural acoustics}}
[[Image:Symphony hall boston.jpg|thumb|right|[[Symphony Hall, Boston]], where auditorium acoustics began]]

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific understanding of how to achieve good sound within a building.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morfey|first=Christopher|title=Dictionary of Acoustics|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|pages=32}}</ref> It typically involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and vibration reduction in the built environment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Templeton|first=Duncan|title=Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team|year=1993|publisher=Architectural Press|isbn=978-0750605380}}</ref> Commonly studied environments are hospitals, classrooms, dwellings, performance venues, recording and broadcasting studios. Focus considerations include room acoustics, airborne and impact transmission in building structures, airborne and structure-borne noise control, noise control of building systems and electroacoustic systems.<ref>[https://asastudents.org/about/what-are-tcs/]</ref>

===Bioacoustics===
{{main|Bioacoustics}}

[[Bioacoustics]] is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bioacoustics.info/ |title=Bioacoustics - the International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905120546/http://www.bioacoustics.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Electroacoustics===
{{See also|Audio Engineering|Sound reinforcement system}}

This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction of audio using electronics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Acoustical Society of America|title=Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)|url=http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics|archive-date=2015-09-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> This might include products such as [[mobile phone]]s, large scale [[public address]] systems or [[virtual reality]] systems in research laboratories.

===Environmental noise and soundscapes===
{{main|Environmental noise}}
{{see also|Noise pollution|Noise control}}

Environmental acoustics is the study of noise and vibrations, and their impact on structures, objects, humans, and animals.

The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental noise and vibration. Typical work and research within environmental acoustics concerns the development of models used in simulations, measurement techniques, noise mitigation strategies, and the development of standards and regulations. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of sound in urban environments: [[soundscape]]s and [[tranquility]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kang |first=Jian |title=Urban Sound Environment |publisher=CRC Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0415358576}}</ref>

Examples of noise and vibration sources include railways,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Krylov|editor-first=V.V. |title=Noise and Vibration from High-speed Trains|year=2001|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=9780727729637}}</ref>  road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational activities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Burden of disease from environmental noise|year=2011|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|isbn=978-92-890-0229-5|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Musical acoustics===
{{main|Musical acoustics}}
[[File:Brodmann 41 42.png|thumb|The [[primary auditory cortex]], one of the main areas associated with superior pitch resolution]]
Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the [[audio signal processing]] used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and composition, and the perception and [[cognitive neuroscience of music]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA)|url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|title=ASA TCMU Home Page|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010613120620/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/|archive-date=2001-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Psychoacoustics===
{{Main|Psychoacoustics}}
Many studies have been conducted to identify the relationship between acoustics and [[cognition]], or more commonly known as [[psychoacoustics]], in which what one hears is a combination of perception and biological aspects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iakovides|first1=Stefanos A.|last2=Iliadou|first2=Vassiliki TH|last3=Bizeli|first3=Vassiliki TH|last4=Kaprinis|first4=Stergios G.|last5=Fountoulakis|first5=Konstantinos N.|last6=Kaprinis|first6=George S.|date=2004-03-29|title=Psychophysiology and psychoacoustics of music: Perception of complex sound in normal subjects and psychiatric patients|journal=Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1475-2832-3-6 |doi-access=free|issn=1475-2832|pmc=400748|pmid=15050030}}</ref> The information intercepted by the passage of sound waves through the ear is understood and interpreted through the brain, emphasizing the connection between the mind and acoustics. Psychological changes have been seen as brain waves slow down or speed up as a result of varying auditory stimulus which can in turn affect the way one thinks, feels, or even behaves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/|title=Psychoacoustics: The Power of Sound|date=2016-02-11|website=Memtech Acoustical|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-14|archive-date=2019-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415003935/http://memtechacoustical.com/psychoacoustics/|url-status=live}}</ref> This correlation can be viewed in normal, everyday situations in which listening to an upbeat or uptempo song can cause one's foot to start tapping or a slower song can leave one feeling calm and serene. In a deeper biological look at the phenomenon of psychoacoustics, it was discovered that the central nervous system is activated by basic acoustical characteristics of music.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=David M.|date=1960|title=Psychoacoustics and Detection Theory|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1189–1203|doi=10.1121/1.1907882|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=1960ASAJ...32.1189G}}</ref> By observing how the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine, is influenced by acoustics, the pathway in which acoustic affects the mind, and essentially the body, is evident.<ref name=":02" />

===Speech===
{{main|Speech}}

Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. [[Speech recognition]] and [[Speech synthesis]] are two important areas of speech processing using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics, [[physiology]], [[psychology]], and [[linguistics]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Technical Committee on Speech Communication|url = https://tcscasa.org/|publisher = Acoustical Society of America|access-date = 2018-11-04|archive-date = 2018-11-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105110754/https://tcscasa.org/|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Structural Vibration and Dynamics===
{{main|Vibration}}

Structural acoustics is the study of motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments and the methods of their measurement, analysis, and control. There are several sub-disciplines found within this regime:
* [[Modal Analysis]]
* [[Material characterization]]
* [[Structural health monitoring]]
* Acoustic [[Metamaterials]]
* [[Friction Acoustics]]

Applications might include: [[ground vibrations]] from railways; [[vibration isolation]] to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration can damage health ([[vibration white finger]]); [[vibration control]] to protect a building from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee |url=https://tcsaasa.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810080424/http://tcsaasa.org/ |archive-date= 10 August 2018 }}</ref>

===Ultrasonics===
[[File:CRL Crown rump lengh 12 weeks ecografia Dr. Wolfgang Moroder.jpg|thumb|Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)]]
{{main|Ultrasound}}
Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans. Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), [[sonochemistry]], [[ultrasonic testing]], material characterisation and underwater acoustics ([[sonar]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ensminger|first=Dale|title=Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=1–2}}</ref>

===Underwater acoustics===
{{main|Underwater acoustics}}

Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds underwater. Applications include [[sonar]] to locate [[submarines]], [[Whale vocalization|underwater communication by whales]], [[climate change]] monitoring by measuring [[sea temperature]]s acoustically, [[sonic weapons]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Lohse, B. Schmitz & M. Versluis |s2cid=4429684 |title=Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=413 |issue=6855 |year=2001 |pages=477–478 |doi=10.1038/35097152 |pmid=11586346|bibcode = 2001Natur.413..477L }}</ref> and marine bioacoustics.<ref>{{cite web|last=ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee |title=Underwater Acoustics |url=http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104616/http://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php |archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref>