Editing 1964 New York World's Fair (section)

=== Off-season ===
Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, the WFC hired 400 security guards to oversee the fairground,<ref name="Frederick 1964"/> though exhibitors were obligated to maintain and guard their own pavilions.<ref name="Frederick 1964">{{cite magazine |last=Frederick |first=Robert B. |date=October 21, 1964 |title=N. Y. World's Fair: Hibernating N. Y. Fair Eyes Finale Anni; Seeks New Face for Fun ... |magazine=Variety |page=62 |volume=236 |issue=9 |id={{ProQuest|962978940}}}}</ref><ref name="Long 1964" /> The WFC planned to spend $1.3&nbsp;million on renovations,<ref name="Hornaday 1964" /><ref name="Long 1964">{{cite news |last=Long |first=Tania |date=October 16, 1964 |title=Fair Planning for '65 Season As It Approaches Hibernation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/16/archives/fair-planning-for-65-season-as-it-approaches-hibernation.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |page=31 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115597479}}}}</ref> and 3,000 workers began [[Winterization|winterizing]] the fairground in November 1964.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wiemer |first=Robert |date=November 30, 1964 |title=Fair Is Anything But Fair As It Awaits Snow |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913625981}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=November 23, 1964 |title=Fair Buttoning Up for Winter Cold; Maintenance Carried On in Silent Surroundings of 600-Acre Ghost Town |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/23/archives/fair-buttoning-up-for-winter-cold-maintenance-carried-on-in-silent.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  The WFC planned to create a promotional film and advertisements for the fair,<ref name="Schmedel 1964a">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=October 14, 1964 |title=World's Fair Slates Some Changes to Lift Attendance Next Year |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=11 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132932541}}}}</ref> and it kept some of the paths and fountains illuminated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 29, 1964 |title=Fair Acts to Keep Light in Window; Pavilions Urged to Continue Signs During Off Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/29/archives/fair-acts-to-keep-light-in-window-pavilions-urged-to-continue-signs.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Deegan said several pavilions would be renovated and 12 new restaurants would be added.<ref name="nyt-1964-11-17">{{Cite news |date=November 17, 1964 |title=World's Fair Plans Sportsmens' Show And a Farm Exhibit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/17/archives/worlds-fair-plans-sportsmens-show-and-a-farm-exhibit.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 59">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=59}}</ref> Moses also traveled around the world to persuade foreign exhibitors to display additional artifacts, such as a [[Gutenberg Bible]] and Spanish artwork, during 1965.<ref name="Caro p. 1106" />

WFC officials said attendance would rise during the 1965 season,<ref name="Samuel p. 58" /><ref name="Tirella p. 270">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=270}}</ref> and anticipated 37.5&nbsp;million visitors.<ref name="Caro 1965" /> The prediction was unrealistic; previous world's fairs typically had fewer visitors during their second season<ref name="Samuel p. 58" /> and no new pavilions were being planned.<ref name="Tirella p. 270" /><ref name="Frederick 1964" /> In its [[balance sheet]], the WFC counted profits from advance ticket sales as part of its income for 1964, which meant revenue would be much lower than expected during 1965.<ref name="Caro p. 1103">{{harvnb|Caro|1974|ps=.|page=1103}}</ref> Unless the fair had at least 37.5&nbsp;million visitors in 1965, it would not be profitable.<ref name="Caro 1965"/> WFC officials, fearing reprisal from Moses, waited weeks to tell him about the fair's financial troubles.<ref name="Caro p. 1103" /> In November 1964, Moses told Wagner the WFC might not be able to repay the city's $24&nbsp;million loan.<ref name="Samuel p. 59" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 25, 1964 |title=N.Y.C. Holds The Bag for $24-Mil. On World's Fair |magazine=Variety |pages=1, 20 |volume=237 |issue=1 |id={{ProQuest|1505734743}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Knowles |first=Clayton |date=November 24, 1964 |title=City Not Counting on Fair's Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/city-not-counting-on-fairs-money.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  The WFC's financial advisors raised suspicions of financial mismanagement the next month.<ref name="Caro pp. 1104–1105">{{harvnb|Caro|1974|ps=.|pages=1104–1105}}</ref>

In January 1965, several of the WFC's financial advisors quit following bitter disputes,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 19, 1965 |title=Five Top Bankers Quit World's Fair Group, Score Financial Policy: First National City President Says New York Fair Needs Substantial Funds by April 22 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=8 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133056052}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Devlin |first=John C. |date=January 19, 1965 |title=5 Bank Advisers to Fair Quit in Financial Dispute; 5 Banker Advisers to Fair Resign in Dispute Over Finances |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/19/archives/5-bank-advisers-to-fair-quit-in-financial-dispute-5-banker-advisers.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 70; Tirella pp. 274–275">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=70}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=274–275}}</ref> and the WFC requested $3.5&nbsp;million to reopen the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 70; Tirella pp. 274–275" /><ref name="The Christian Science Monitor 1965">{{cite news |date=January 23, 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Seeks $3.5 Million: 'Brighter Show' |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=3 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510690042}}}}</ref> The city controller [[Abraham Beame]] began auditing the WFC,<ref name="Samuel p. 71; Tirella p. 276">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=71}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 27, 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Doesn't Hope to Repay $24 Million City Spent |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=9 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133044216}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=January 27, 1965 |title=Fair Unable to Repay City Or Finance Queens Parks; But Moses Says Notes Will Be Redeemed – Beame Orders Audit – $4 Million Is Sought to Prepare for April Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/27/archives/fair-unable-to-repay-city-or-finance-queens-parks-but-moses-says.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the WFC fired Deegan's public-relations firm, which had been receiving $300,000 annually for four years, following criticism over the firm's compensation.<ref name="Tirella p. 276">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 31, 1965 |title=Firm Pulls Out of Fair in Latest Foul-Up |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=B10 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142498793}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=January 29, 1965 |title=Deegan Company Leaves the Fair; Publicity Concern Is Headed by Exhibition Executive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/29/archives/deegan-company-leaves-the-fair-publicity-concern-is-headed-by.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC's internal audit found a $17.5&nbsp;million deficit,<ref>{{cite news |date=February 8, 1965 |title=World's Fair Corp. Had $17,540,100 Loss in 1964, Audited Report Shows: Executive Tells Holders of Notes Of Efforts to Reduce Costs, Boost Attendance This Year |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=7 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133063089}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 6, 1965 |title=World's Fair Had Deficit Of $17,540,100 in 1964; Audited Report Puts Cash on Hand at $629,063 on Dec. 31 – Official Cites Drastic Cuts in Costs for 1965 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/06/archives/worlds-fair-had-deficit-of-17540100-in-1964-audited-report-puts.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but lawsuits delayed Beame's audit for several months.<ref name="Samuel p. 71; Tirella p. 276" /><ref>{{cite news |date=May 21, 1965 |title=Top New York Court Rules World's Fair Open Records |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=14 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133027787}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Apple |first=R. W. Jr |date=May 21, 1965 |title=Beame's Demand for Audit at Fair Upheld by Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/beames-demand-for-audit-at-fair-upheld-by-court-appeals-bench.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By February 1965, at least 14 exhibitors in the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy.<ref name="Samuel p. 65">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=65}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1965-02-13">{{Cite news |last=Phalon |first=Richard |date=February 13, 1965 |title=The World's Fair: A Fiscal Scrutiny; 14 Bankruptcy Pleas Filed Since Opening in April |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/13/archives/the-worlds-fair-a-fiscal-scrutiny-14-bankruptcy-pleas-filed-since.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Franklin National Bank]] offered to lend the WFC $3.5&nbsp;million,<ref name="Tirella p. 276" /><ref>{{cite news |date=February 10, 1965 |title=Fair Banks on Franklin For $3.5 Million Loan |work=Newsday |page=15 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914425535}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 9, 1965 |title=L.I. Bank Plans to Lend Fair $3.5 Million Needed to Open; Head of Franklin National Says He Will Do All He Can To Help Second Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/09/archives/li-bank-plans-to-lend-fair-35-million-needed-to-open-head-of.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but the WFC indicated it needed only $1&nbsp;million.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal 1965">{{cite news |date=February 25, 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Cuts Immediate Need For Cash to $1 Million: Executive Committee Expresses Confidence in President Moses; Efforts to Remove Him Go On |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=7 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133042754}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 25, 1965 |title=Fair Executives Divided on Moses; He Gets Vote of Confidence, but 6 Abstain, Including the Mayor's 3 Men |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/25/archives/fair-executives-divided-on-moses-he-gets-vote-of-confidence-but-6.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Though city officials wanted to remove Moses as the WFC's president,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 18, 1965 |title=Top-Level Talks on Fair Consider Replacing Moses; Mayor and Governor Join Parleys – A Better Image Sought for Exposition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/18/archives/toplevel-talks-on-fair-consider-replacing-moses-mayor-and-governor.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> he retained his position.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal 1965" /><ref name="Tirella pp. 277–278">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=277–278}}</ref> When Moses said he would spend $6.4&nbsp;million to renovate Flushing Meadows–Corona Park before repaying debts,<ref name="Samuel pp. 71–72; Tirella p. 278">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=63–64}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 15, 1965 |title=Fair's Priorities Revised by Moses; He Says Rebuilding Parks Comes Before Repaying Noteholders and City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/15/archives/fairs-priorities-revised-by-moses-he-says-rebuilding-parks-comes-be.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the WFC's finance chairman resigned.<ref name="Samuel pp. 71–72; Tirella p. 278" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Illson |first=Murray |date=February 24, 1965 |title=Fair Aide Resigns, Assailing Moses on Fund Proposal; McLaughlin Says He Seeks to Shift $6.4 Million From Triborough Authority Fair Aide Quits in Dispute With Moses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/24/archives/fair-aide-resigns-assailing-moses-on-fund-proposal-mclaughlin-says.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two [[Marine Midland Bank]] branches provided a $1&nbsp;million loan to the WFC that March,<ref>{{cite news |date=March 15, 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Gets $1 Million Loan; Indonesia Pulls Pavilion: Moses Sees Financing by 2 Banks More Than Adequate for Needs Through Reopening on April 21 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=12 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133065529}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=March 13, 1965 |title=2 Banks Lend Fair $1 Million Needed To Open '65 Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/13/archives/2-banks-lend-fair-1-million-needed-to-open-65-season-fair-announces.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 73">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=73}}</ref> which the WFC repaid two months later.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 20, 1965 |title=World's Fair Announces Repayment in Advance Of $1 Million Bank Loan: Moses Says Fair Corp. Is Current With Creditors, Expects Gains In Attendance, Which Trails '64 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=10 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133044234}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=May 20, 1965 |title=Fair Repays Loan Of $1 Million Early |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/20/archives/fair-repays-loan-of-1-million-early-the-fair-repays-1-million-loan.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Newsday 1965a">{{cite news |date=May 20, 1965 |title=Fair Paying Its Debts |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914383744}}}}</ref>

During the off-season, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions,<ref name="Samuel p. 65" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Murray J. |date=March 28, 1965 |title=Fair Re-Opens Soon; Some Changes Made |work=The Hartford Courant |page=33A |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548738120}}}}</ref> spending over $7&nbsp;million between them.<ref name="nyt-1965-04-21">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=April 21, 1965 |title=$7 Million Spent in Improvements; History and Space Exhibits Added – More Restaurants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/7-million-spent-in-improvements-history-and-space-exhibits-added.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At least 50 exhibits were upgraded<ref name="Kursh 1965">{{cite news |last=Kursh |first=Harry |date=April 13, 1965 |title=World's Fair Reopens April 21 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=13 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510789503}}}}</ref> and five major attractions were added,<ref name="The Wall Street Journal 1965a">{{cite news |date=April 19, 1965 |title=World's Fair Reopens Wednesday, Seeking To Lure More Visitors: New Exhibits Part of Attempt To Better 1964's Attendance, But Admission Cost Is Higher |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=15 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133045801}}}}</ref> along with free entertainments and science demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=April 21, 1965 |title=N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510781727}}}}</ref> New artworks and films were added to several pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1965-07-20">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=July 20, 1965 |title=Seasoned Fairgoers Seek Out New – and Old – Sleeper Exhibits; Having Seen All the Hit Shows They Turn Up Interesting Ones They Have Missed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/20/archives/seasoned-fairgoers-seek-out-new-and-old-sleeper-exhibits-having.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The struggling Lake Amusement Area became the Lake Area.<ref name="Joseph 1965">{{cite news |last=Joseph |first=Richard |date=January 24, 1965 |title=World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza |work=Chicago Tribune |page=H3 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179713143}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 67–68">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=67–68}}</ref> The WFC asked the [[New York City Transit Authority]] to increase subway service to the fair, and 26 exhibitors collaborated on a promotional campaign.<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64; Tirella p. 273">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=63–64}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=273}}</ref> Fifty-three exhibitors proposed naming the first week of the 1965 season Fair Festival Week,<ref name="Samuel p. 73" /><ref name="nyt-1965-02-05">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=February 5, 1965 |title=Fair's Exhibitors Plan a Campaign; Ask City for 'Festival Week' to Improve Prospects |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/05/archives/fairs-exhibitors-plan-a-campaign-ask-city-for-festival-week-to.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> to which Wagner agreed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=April 7, 1965 |title=Mayor Predicts Success for Fair: Proclaims Festival Week for Second Season Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/07/archives/mayor-predicts-success-for-fair-proclaims-festival-week-for-second.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |page=32 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|116827402}}}}</ref> The WFC produced a promotional film titled ''To the Fair'',<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Walter |date=January 31, 1965 |title=Advertising: A Fair in Search of Promotion; World's Fair Seeks to Publicize Plans for New Season Promotional Moves Are Being Made in Several Areas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/31/archives/advertising-a-fair-in-search-of-promotion-worlds-fair-seeks-to.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and individual exhibitors produced their own films.<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=March 1, 1965 |title=Troubled World's Fair Gets Help on Publicity From Big Exhibitors |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133042063}}}}</ref> To reduce its debts, the WFC decreased its budget for the 1965 season and dismissed some employees.<ref name="nyt-1965-04-212">{{Cite news |last=Benjamin |first=Philip |date=April 21, 1965 |title=Remedy for Debt: Belt-Tightening; Budget and Staff Are Cut After a Hard Winter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/remedy-for-debt-belttightening-budget-and-staff-are-cut-after-a.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>