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====Europe==== [[File:Berlin Wall 1961-11-20.jpg|250px|thumb|East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961]] * British prime minister [[Harold Macmillan]] delivered his "[[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]]" speech in 1960. * The government of the [[East Germany]] authorized construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] on 13 August 1961 to prevent East Germans from leaving [[East Berlin]] to [[West Berlin]].<ref>Curtis Cate, ''The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis–1961'' (1978).</ref> * [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the Catholic Church, continued by [[Pope Paul VI]] (after John XXIII died in 1963), which met from 11 October 1962 until 8 December 1965.<ref>Giuseppe Alberigo, and Matthew Sherry, ''A Brief History of Vatican II'' (2006)</ref> * In October 1964, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was expelled from office due to his increasingly erratic and authoritarian behavior. [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Alexei Kosygin]] then became the new leaders of the Soviet Union.<ref>William Taubman, ''Khrushchev: The Man and His Era'' (2003),</ref> * In [[Czechoslovakia]], 1968 was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]'s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The Soviet [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox communist parties drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.<ref>Günter, et al. eds. Bischof, ''The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968'' (Lexington Books, 2010)</ref>
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