Editing Zooplankton (section)

====Dinoflagellates====
{{see also|Predatory dinoflagellate}}

[[Dinoflagellate]]s are a phylum of unicellular [[flagellate]]s with about 2,000 marine species.<ref name="Gómez12">{{cite journal|author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Oceánides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |doi=10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some dinoflagellates are [[Predatory dinoflagellate|predatory]], and thus belong to the zooplankton community. Their name comes from the Greek "dinos" meaning ''whirling'' and the Latin "flagellum" meaning a ''whip'' or ''lash''. This refers to the two whip-like attachments (flagella) used for forward movement. Most dinoflagellates are protected with red-brown, cellulose armour. [[Excavata|Excavates]] may be the most basal flagellate lineage.<ref name=Dawson2013>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Scott C |last2=Paredez |first2=Alexander R |title=Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |year=2013 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2012.11.005 |pmid=23312067 |pmc=4927265}}</ref>

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 | header            = Dinoflagellates
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 | footer            = Traditionally dinoflagellates have been presented as armoured or unarmoured
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 | image1    = Peridinium digitale.jpg
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 | caption1  = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Armoured
 | image2    = Gymnodinium agile sp.jpg
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 | caption2  = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Unarmoured
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="144px" style="float:right;">
File:Gyrodinium dinoflagellate.jpg|''[[Gymnodinium|Gyrodinium]]'', one of the few naked dinoflagellates which lack armour
File:Protoperidinium dinoflagellate.jpg|The dinoflagellate ''Protoperidinium'' extrudes a large feeding veil to capture prey
File:Radiolarian - Podocyrtis (Lampterium) mitra Ehrenberg - 160x.jpg|[[Nassellarian]] radiolarians can be in symbiosis with dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates often live in [[symbiosis]] with other organisms. Many [[nassellarian]] radiolarians house [[dinoflagellate]] [[Symbiosis|symbionts]] within their tests.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of the Protists |last1=Boltovskoy |first1=Demetrio |last2=Anderson |first2=O. Roger |last3=Correa |first3=Nancy M. |date=2017 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=9783319281476 |pages=731–763 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19}}</ref> The nassellarian provides [[ammonium]] and [[carbon dioxide]] for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Radiolaria |last=Anderson |first=O. R. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=1983}}</ref> There is evidence from [[DNA]] analysis that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently from other dinoflagellate symbioses, such as with [[foraminifera]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gast |first1=R. J. |last2=Caron |first2=D. A. |date=1996-11-01 |title=Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates from planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1192–1197 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025684 |pmid=8896371 |issn=0737-4038 |doi-access=}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="144px" style="float:left;">
File:Ceratium tripos.jpg|[[Tripos (dinoflagellate)|''Tripos muelleri'']] is recognisable by its U-shaped horns
File:Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale (1920) (20299351186).jpg|''[[Oodinium]]'', a genus of [[parasitic]] dinoflagellates, causes [[velvet disease]] in fish<ref>{{cite web|title=Protozoa Infecting Gills and Skin|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com:80/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/170410.htm|publisher=[[The Merck Veterinary Manual]]|access-date= 4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221140/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F170410.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
File:Karenia brevis.jpg|''[[Karenia brevis]]'' produces red tides highly toxic to humans<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Larry E.|last2=Campbell|first2=Lisa|last3=Bresnan|first3=Eileen|title=''Karenia'': The biology and ecology of a toxic genus|journal=Harmful Algae|volume=14|pages=156–178|doi=10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020|year=2012|pmid=36733478 |pmc=9891709 |bibcode=2012HAlga..14..156B }}</ref>
File:Algal bloom(akasio) by Noctiluca in Nagasaki.jpg|[[Red tide]]
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