Editing Zebra (section)

===Communication===
[[File:Cebras comunes (Equus quagga), parque nacional de Tarangire, Tanzania, 2024-05-25, DD 90.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A pair of Plains zebra facing each other and rubbing heads on the others body | Plains zebras mutually grooming]]
Zebras produce a number of vocalisations and noises. The plains zebra has a distinctive, [[Bark (sound)|barking]] contact call heard as "a-''ha'', a-''ha'', a-''ha''" or "kwa-ha, kaw-ha, ha, ha".<ref name="Grub 1981" /><ref name="Estes 1991" /> The mountain zebra may produce a similar sound while the call of Grévy's zebra has been described as "something like a [[hippo]]'s grunt combined with a donkey's wheeze". Loud snorting and rough "gasping" in zebras signals alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but can also be heard in friendly interactions. Zebras also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also consist of head, ear, and tail postures. A zebra may signal an intention to kick by dropping back its ears and whipping its tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth and a waving head may be used as threatening gestures by stallions.<ref name="Estes 1991" />

Individuals may greet each other by mutually touching and rubbing, sniffing their genitals and resting their heads on their shoulders. They then may caress their shoulders against each other and lay their heads on one another. This greeting usually occurs between harem or territorial males or among bachelor males playing.<ref name="Estes 1991" /> Plains and mountain zebras strengthen their social bonds with [[Social grooming|grooming]]. Members of a harem nibble and rake along the neck, shoulder, and back with their teeth and lips. Grooming usually occurs between mothers and foals and between stallions and mares. Grooming establishes social rank and eases aggressive behaviour,<ref name="Estes 1991" />{{sfn|Caro|2016|p=143}} although Grévy's zebras generally do not perform social grooming.<ref name="Churcher 1993" />